Window Functions

Window functions let you perform calculations across a set of rows that are related to the current row. They can be used to perform calculations similar to those done with aggregate functions, but differ in that a window function doesn’t cause rows to be grouped into a single output - rather, individual rows are still returned.

Standard window functions

ClickHouse supports the standard SQL grammar for windows and window functions. The table below shows which features are currently supported:

Feature	Supported?	Comment
Ad hoc window specification (`count(*) OVER (PARTITION BY id ORDER BY time DESC)`)	✅
Expressions involving window functions, e.g. `(count(*) OVER ()) / 2`	✅
`WINDOW` clause (`SELECT ... FROM table WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY id)`)	✅
`ROWS` frame	✅
`RANGE` frame	✅	Used by default when a frame is not specified explicitly (`RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW`).
`INTERVAL` syntax for `DateTime` `RANGE OFFSET` frame	❌	Specify the number of seconds instead (`RANGE` works with any numeric type).
`GROUPS` frame	✅	Frame boundaries count whole peer groups (rows equal on the `ORDER BY` key); `N PRECEDING` and `N FOLLOWING` count `N` peer groups before and after the current row’s peer group.
Calculating aggregate functions over a frame (`sum(value) OVER (ORDER BY time)`)	✅	All aggregate functions are supported.
`rank()`, `dense_rank()`/`denseRank()`, `row_number()`	✅
`percent_rank()`/`percentRank()`	✅	Efficiently computes the relative standing of a value within a partition. It replaces the more verbose and computationally intensive manual SQL calculation expressed as `ifNull((rank() OVER (PARTITION BY x ORDER BY y) - 1) / nullif(count(1) OVER (PARTITION BY x) - 1, 0), 0)`.
`cume_dist()`	✅	Computes the cumulative distribution of a value within a group of values. Returns the percentage of rows with values less than or equal to the current row’s value.
`lag/lead(value, offset)`	✅	You can also use one of the following workarounds: 1) `any(value) OVER (... ROWS BETWEEN <offset> PRECEDING AND <offset> PRECEDING)`, or `FOLLOWING` instead of `PRECEDING` for `lead` 2) `lagInFrame/leadInFrame`, which are analogous but respect the window frame. To get behavior identical to `lag/lead`, use `ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING`.
`ntile(buckets)`	✅	Specify the window as, for example, `(PARTITION BY x ORDER BY y ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING)`.

Syntax

aggregate_function (column_name)
  OVER ([[PARTITION BY grouping_column] [ORDER BY sorting_column] 
        [ROWS, RANGE, or GROUPS expression_to_bound_rows_within_the_group]] | [window_name])
FROM table_name
WINDOW window_name as ([
  [PARTITION BY grouping_column]
  [ORDER BY sorting_column]
  [ROWS, RANGE, or GROUPS expression_to_bound_rows_within_the_group]
])

PARTITION BY - defines how to break a resultset into groups.
ORDER BY - defines how to order rows inside the group during calculation aggregate_function.
ROWS, RANGE, or GROUPS - defines bounds of a frame, aggregate_function is calculated within a frame. ROWS counts physical rows, RANGE counts ORDER BY values, and GROUPS counts peer groups (rows equal on the ORDER BY key).
WINDOW - allows multiple expressions to use the same window definition.

      PARTITION
┌─────────────────┐  <-- UNBOUNDED PRECEDING (BEGINNING of the PARTITION)
│                 │
│                 │
│=================│  <-- N PRECEDING  <─┐
│      N ROWS     │                     │  F
│  Before CURRENT │                     │  R
│~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~│  <-- CURRENT ROW    │  A
│     M ROWS      │                     │  M
│   After CURRENT │                     │  E
│=================│  <-- M FOLLOWING  <─┘
│                 │
│                 │
└─────────────────┘  <--- UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING (END of the PARTITION)

Functions usable only as window functions

The following functions can only be used as window functions. Most are standard SQL functions; lagInFrame, leadInFrame, and nonNegativeDerivative are ClickHouse extensions.

Function	Description
`row_number()`	Number the current row within its partition starting from 1.
`first_value(x)`	Return the first value evaluated within its ordered frame.
`last_value(x)`	Return the last value evaluated within its ordered frame.
`nth_value(x, offset)`	Return the first non-NULL value evaluated against the nth row (offset) in its ordered frame.
`rank()`	Rank the current row within its partition with gaps.
`dense_rank()`	Rank the current row within its partition without gaps.
`percent_rank()`	Compute the relative rank of the current row within its partition, as a value between 0 and 1.
`cume_dist()`	Compute the cumulative distribution of a value within a group of values.
`lag(x, offset)`	Return a value evaluated at the row that is offset rows before the current row within the partition.
`lead(x, offset)`	Return a value evaluated at the row that is offset rows after the current row within the partition.
`lagInFrame(x)`	Return a value evaluated at the row that is at a specified physical offset row before the current row within the ordered frame.
`leadInFrame(x)`	Return a value evaluated at the row that is offset rows after the current row within the ordered frame.
`ntile(buckets)`	Divide the ordered rows within a partition into the given number of buckets and return the bucket number of the current row.
`nonNegativeDerivative(metric_column, timestamp_column[, INTERVAL X UNITS])`	Compute the non-negative derivative of `metric_column` with respect to `timestamp_column`. Specific to ClickHouse.

Examples

Let’s have a look at some examples of how window functions can be used.

Numbering rows

CREATE TABLE salaries
(
    `team` String,
    `player` String,
    `salary` UInt32,
    `position` String
)
Engine = Memory;

INSERT INTO salaries FORMAT Values
    ('Port Elizabeth Barbarians', 'Gary Chen', 195000, 'F'),
    ('New Coreystad Archdukes', 'Charles Juarez', 190000, 'F'),
    ('Port Elizabeth Barbarians', 'Michael Stanley', 150000, 'D'),
    ('New Coreystad Archdukes', 'Scott Harrison', 150000, 'D'),
    ('Port Elizabeth Barbarians', 'Robert George', 195000, 'M');

SELECT
    player,
    salary,
    row_number() OVER (ORDER BY salary ASC) AS row
FROM salaries;

┌─player──────────┬─salary─┬─row─┐
│ Michael Stanley │ 150000 │   1 │
│ Scott Harrison  │ 150000 │   2 │
│ Charles Juarez  │ 190000 │   3 │
│ Gary Chen       │ 195000 │   4 │
│ Robert George   │ 195000 │   5 │
└─────────────────┴────────┴─────┘

SELECT
    player,
    salary,
    row_number() OVER (ORDER BY salary ASC) AS row,
    rank() OVER (ORDER BY salary ASC) AS rank,
    dense_rank() OVER (ORDER BY salary ASC) AS denseRank
FROM salaries;

┌─player──────────┬─salary─┬─row─┬─rank─┬─denseRank─┐
│ Michael Stanley │ 150000 │   1 │    1 │         1 │
│ Scott Harrison  │ 150000 │   2 │    1 │         1 │
│ Charles Juarez  │ 190000 │   3 │    3 │         2 │
│ Gary Chen       │ 195000 │   4 │    4 │         3 │
│ Robert George   │ 195000 │   5 │    4 │         3 │
└─────────────────┴────────┴─────┴──────┴───────────┘

Aggregation functions

Compare each player’s salary to the average for their team.

SELECT
    player,
    salary,
    team,
    avg(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY team) AS teamAvg,
    salary - teamAvg AS diff
FROM salaries;

┌─player──────────┬─salary─┬─team──────────────────────┬─teamAvg─┬───diff─┐
│ Charles Juarez  │ 190000 │ New Coreystad Archdukes   │  170000 │  20000 │
│ Scott Harrison  │ 150000 │ New Coreystad Archdukes   │  170000 │ -20000 │
│ Gary Chen       │ 195000 │ Port Elizabeth Barbarians │  180000 │  15000 │
│ Michael Stanley │ 150000 │ Port Elizabeth Barbarians │  180000 │ -30000 │
│ Robert George   │ 195000 │ Port Elizabeth Barbarians │  180000 │  15000 │
└─────────────────┴────────┴───────────────────────────┴─────────┴────────┘

Compare each player’s salary to the maximum for their team.

SELECT
    player,
    salary,
    team,
    max(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY team) AS teamMax,
    salary - teamMax AS diff
FROM salaries;

┌─player──────────┬─salary─┬─team──────────────────────┬─teamMax─┬───diff─┐
│ Charles Juarez  │ 190000 │ New Coreystad Archdukes   │  190000 │      0 │
│ Scott Harrison  │ 150000 │ New Coreystad Archdukes   │  190000 │ -40000 │
│ Gary Chen       │ 195000 │ Port Elizabeth Barbarians │  195000 │      0 │
│ Michael Stanley │ 150000 │ Port Elizabeth Barbarians │  195000 │ -45000 │
│ Robert George   │ 195000 │ Port Elizabeth Barbarians │  195000 │      0 │
└─────────────────┴────────┴───────────────────────────┴─────────┴────────┘

Partitioning by column

CREATE TABLE wf_partition
(
    `part_key` UInt64,
    `value` UInt64,
    `order` UInt64    
)
ENGINE = Memory;

INSERT INTO wf_partition FORMAT Values
   (1,1,1), (1,2,2), (1,3,3), (2,0,0), (3,0,0);

SELECT
    part_key,
    value,
    order,
    groupArray(value) OVER (PARTITION BY part_key) AS frame_values
FROM wf_partition
ORDER BY
    part_key ASC,
    value ASC;

┌─part_key─┬─value─┬─order─┬─frame_values─┐
│        1 │     1 │     1 │ [1,2,3]      │   <┐   
│        1 │     2 │     2 │ [1,2,3]      │    │  1-st group
│        1 │     3 │     3 │ [1,2,3]      │   <┘ 
│        2 │     0 │     0 │ [0]          │   <- 2-nd group
│        3 │     0 │     0 │ [0]          │   <- 3-d group
└──────────┴───────┴───────┴──────────────┘

Frame bounding

CREATE TABLE wf_frame
(
    `part_key` UInt64,
    `value` UInt64,
    `order` UInt64
)
ENGINE = Memory;

INSERT INTO wf_frame FORMAT Values
   (1,1,1), (1,2,2), (1,3,3), (1,4,4), (1,5,5);

-- Frame is bounded by bounds of a partition (BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING)
SELECT
    part_key,
    value,
    order,
    groupArray(value) OVER (
        PARTITION BY part_key 
        ORDER BY order ASC
        ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING
    ) AS frame_values
FROM wf_frame
ORDER BY
    part_key ASC,
    value ASC;
    
┌─part_key─┬─value─┬─order─┬─frame_values─┐
│        1 │     1 │     1 │ [1,2,3,4,5]  │
│        1 │     2 │     2 │ [1,2,3,4,5]  │
│        1 │     3 │     3 │ [1,2,3,4,5]  │
│        1 │     4 │     4 │ [1,2,3,4,5]  │
│        1 │     5 │     5 │ [1,2,3,4,5]  │
└──────────┴───────┴───────┴──────────────┘

-- short form - no bound expression, no order by,
-- an equalent of `ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING`
SELECT
    part_key,
    value,
    order,
    groupArray(value) OVER (PARTITION BY part_key) AS frame_values_short,
    groupArray(value) OVER (PARTITION BY part_key
         ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING
    ) AS frame_values
FROM wf_frame
ORDER BY
    part_key ASC,
    value ASC;
┌─part_key─┬─value─┬─order─┬─frame_values_short─┬─frame_values─┐
│        1 │     1 │     1 │ [1,2,3,4,5]        │ [1,2,3,4,5]  │
│        1 │     2 │     2 │ [1,2,3,4,5]        │ [1,2,3,4,5]  │
│        1 │     3 │     3 │ [1,2,3,4,5]        │ [1,2,3,4,5]  │
│        1 │     4 │     4 │ [1,2,3,4,5]        │ [1,2,3,4,5]  │
│        1 │     5 │     5 │ [1,2,3,4,5]        │ [1,2,3,4,5]  │
└──────────┴───────┴───────┴────────────────────┴──────────────┘

-- frame is bounded by the beginning of a partition and the current row
SELECT
    part_key,
    value,
    order,
    groupArray(value) OVER (
        PARTITION BY part_key 
        ORDER BY order ASC
        ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
    ) AS frame_values
FROM wf_frame
ORDER BY
    part_key ASC,
    value ASC;

┌─part_key─┬─value─┬─order─┬─frame_values─┐
│        1 │     1 │     1 │ [1]          │
│        1 │     2 │     2 │ [1,2]        │
│        1 │     3 │     3 │ [1,2,3]      │
│        1 │     4 │     4 │ [1,2,3,4]    │
│        1 │     5 │     5 │ [1,2,3,4,5]  │
└──────────┴───────┴───────┴──────────────┘

-- short form (frame is bounded by the beginning of a partition and the current row)
-- an equalent of `ORDER BY order ASC ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW`
SELECT
    part_key,
    value,
    order,
    groupArray(value) OVER (PARTITION BY part_key ORDER BY order ASC) AS frame_values_short,
    groupArray(value) OVER (PARTITION BY part_key ORDER BY order ASC
       ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
    ) AS frame_values
FROM wf_frame
ORDER BY
    part_key ASC,
    value ASC;

┌─part_key─┬─value─┬─order─┬─frame_values_short─┬─frame_values─┐
│        1 │     1 │     1 │ [1]                │ [1]          │
│        1 │     2 │     2 │ [1,2]              │ [1,2]        │
│        1 │     3 │     3 │ [1,2,3]            │ [1,2,3]      │
│        1 │     4 │     4 │ [1,2,3,4]          │ [1,2,3,4]    │
│        1 │     5 │     5 │ [1,2,3,4,5]        │ [1,2,3,4,5]  │
└──────────┴───────┴───────┴────────────────────┴──────────────┘

-- frame is bounded by the beginning of a partition and the current row, but order is backward
SELECT
    part_key,
    value,
    order,
    groupArray(value) OVER (PARTITION BY part_key ORDER BY order DESC) AS frame_values
FROM wf_frame
ORDER BY
    part_key ASC,
    value ASC;

┌─part_key─┬─value─┬─order─┬─frame_values─┐
│        1 │     1 │     1 │ [5,4,3,2,1]  │
│        1 │     2 │     2 │ [5,4,3,2]    │
│        1 │     3 │     3 │ [5,4,3]      │
│        1 │     4 │     4 │ [5,4]        │
│        1 │     5 │     5 │ [5]          │
└──────────┴───────┴───────┴──────────────┘

-- sliding frame - 1 PRECEDING ROW AND CURRENT ROW
SELECT
    part_key,
    value,
    order,
    groupArray(value) OVER (
        PARTITION BY part_key 
        ORDER BY order ASC
        ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
    ) AS frame_values
FROM wf_frame
ORDER BY
    part_key ASC,
    value ASC;

┌─part_key─┬─value─┬─order─┬─frame_values─┐
│        1 │     1 │     1 │ [1]          │
│        1 │     2 │     2 │ [1,2]        │
│        1 │     3 │     3 │ [2,3]        │
│        1 │     4 │     4 │ [3,4]        │
│        1 │     5 │     5 │ [4,5]        │
└──────────┴───────┴───────┴──────────────┘

-- sliding frame - ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING 
SELECT
    part_key,
    value,
    order,
    groupArray(value) OVER (
        PARTITION BY part_key 
        ORDER BY order ASC
        ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING
    ) AS frame_values
FROM wf_frame
ORDER BY
    part_key ASC,
    value ASC;

┌─part_key─┬─value─┬─order─┬─frame_values─┐
│        1 │     1 │     1 │ [1,2,3,4,5]  │
│        1 │     2 │     2 │ [1,2,3,4,5]  │
│        1 │     3 │     3 │ [2,3,4,5]    │
│        1 │     4 │     4 │ [3,4,5]      │
│        1 │     5 │     5 │ [4,5]        │
└──────────┴───────┴───────┴──────────────┘

-- row_number does not respect the frame, so rn_1 = rn_2 = rn_3 != rn_4
SELECT
    part_key,
    value,
    order,
    groupArray(value) OVER w1 AS frame_values,
    row_number() OVER w1 AS rn_1,
    sum(1) OVER w1 AS rn_2,
    row_number() OVER w2 AS rn_3,
    sum(1) OVER w2 AS rn_4
FROM wf_frame
WINDOW
    w1 AS (PARTITION BY part_key ORDER BY order DESC),
    w2 AS (
        PARTITION BY part_key 
        ORDER BY order DESC 
        ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
    )
ORDER BY
    part_key ASC,
    value ASC;

┌─part_key─┬─value─┬─order─┬─frame_values─┬─rn_1─┬─rn_2─┬─rn_3─┬─rn_4─┐
│        1 │     1 │     1 │ [5,4,3,2,1]  │    5 │    5 │    5 │    2 │
│        1 │     2 │     2 │ [5,4,3,2]    │    4 │    4 │    4 │    2 │
│        1 │     3 │     3 │ [5,4,3]      │    3 │    3 │    3 │    2 │
│        1 │     4 │     4 │ [5,4]        │    2 │    2 │    2 │    2 │
│        1 │     5 │     5 │ [5]          │    1 │    1 │    1 │    1 │
└──────────┴───────┴───────┴──────────────┴──────┴──────┴──────┴──────┘

-- first_value and last_value respect the frame
SELECT
    groupArray(value) OVER w1 AS frame_values_1,
    first_value(value) OVER w1 AS first_value_1,
    last_value(value) OVER w1 AS last_value_1,
    groupArray(value) OVER w2 AS frame_values_2,
    first_value(value) OVER w2 AS first_value_2,
    last_value(value) OVER w2 AS last_value_2
FROM wf_frame
WINDOW
    w1 AS (PARTITION BY part_key ORDER BY order ASC),
    w2 AS (PARTITION BY part_key ORDER BY order ASC ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)
ORDER BY
    part_key ASC,
    value ASC;

┌─frame_values_1─┬─first_value_1─┬─last_value_1─┬─frame_values_2─┬─first_value_2─┬─last_value_2─┐
│ [1]            │             1 │            1 │ [1]            │             1 │            1 │
│ [1,2]          │             1 │            2 │ [1,2]          │             1 │            2 │
│ [1,2,3]        │             1 │            3 │ [2,3]          │             2 │            3 │
│ [1,2,3,4]      │             1 │            4 │ [3,4]          │             3 │            4 │
│ [1,2,3,4,5]    │             1 │            5 │ [4,5]          │             4 │            5 │
└────────────────┴───────────────┴──────────────┴────────────────┴───────────────┴──────────────┘

-- second value within the frame
SELECT
    groupArray(value) OVER w1 AS frame_values_1,
    nth_value(value, 2) OVER w1 AS second_value
FROM wf_frame
WINDOW w1 AS (PARTITION BY part_key ORDER BY order ASC ROWS BETWEEN 3 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)
ORDER BY
    part_key ASC,
    value ASC;

┌─frame_values_1─┬─second_value─┐
│ [1]            │            0 │
│ [1,2]          │            2 │
│ [1,2,3]        │            2 │
│ [1,2,3,4]      │            2 │
│ [2,3,4,5]      │            3 │
└────────────────┴──────────────┘

-- second value within the frame + Null for missing values
SELECT
    groupArray(value) OVER w1 AS frame_values_1,
    nth_value(toNullable(value), 2) OVER w1 AS second_value
FROM wf_frame
WINDOW w1 AS (PARTITION BY part_key ORDER BY order ASC ROWS BETWEEN 3 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)
ORDER BY
    part_key ASC,
    value ASC;

┌─frame_values_1─┬─second_value─┐
│ [1]            │         ᴺᵁᴸᴸ │
│ [1,2]          │            2 │
│ [1,2,3]        │            2 │
│ [1,2,3,4]      │            2 │
│ [2,3,4,5]      │            3 │
└────────────────┴──────────────┘

GROUPS frame

A GROUPS frame counts whole peer groups — sets of rows that are equal on the ORDER BY key — rather than physical rows (ROWS) or ORDER BY values (RANGE). N PRECEDING and N FOLLOWING count N peer groups before and after the current row’s peer group, and an included peer group always contributes all of its rows. The query below applies the same 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING bounds as a ROWS, a RANGE, and a GROUPS frame. The order column contains duplicate and non-consecutive values, so the three modes cover different rows:

CREATE TABLE wf_frame_groups (`order` UInt64, value UInt64) ENGINE = Memory;
INSERT INTO wf_frame_groups FORMAT Values (10, 1), (10, 2), (20, 3), (30, 4), (30, 5);

SELECT
    order,
    value,
    groupArray(value) OVER (ORDER BY order ROWS   BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) AS rows_frame,
    groupArray(value) OVER (ORDER BY order RANGE  BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) AS range_frame,
    groupArray(value) OVER (ORDER BY order GROUPS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) AS groups_frame
FROM wf_frame_groups
ORDER BY order, value;

┌─order─┬─value─┬─rows_frame─┬─range_frame─┬─groups_frame─┐
│    10 │     1 │ [1,2]      │ [1,2]       │ [1,2,3]      │
│    10 │     2 │ [1,2,3]    │ [1,2]       │ [1,2,3]      │
│    20 │     3 │ [2,3,4]    │ [3]         │ [1,2,3,4,5]  │
│    30 │     4 │ [3,4,5]    │ [4,5]       │ [3,4,5]      │
│    30 │     5 │ [4,5]      │ [4,5]       │ [3,4,5]      │
└───────┴───────┴────────────┴─────────────┴──────────────┘

Each mode interprets the bounds differently:

ROWS counts physical rows, so the frame is at most three adjacent rows: the current row plus one on each side.
RANGE counts order values, so 1 PRECEDING and 1 FOLLOWING cover rows whose order is within 1 of the current row’s. With gaps of 10, no neighbouring row qualifies, so the frame holds only the rows that share the current order.
GROUPS counts peer groups, so 1 PRECEDING and 1 FOLLOWING always include the adjacent groups in full, whatever the gaps between order values.

Real world examples

The following examples solve common real-world problems.

Maximum/total salary per department

CREATE TABLE employees
(
    `department` String,
    `employee_name` String,
    `salary` Float
)
ENGINE = Memory;

INSERT INTO employees FORMAT Values
   ('Finance', 'Jonh', 200),
   ('Finance', 'Joan', 210),
   ('Finance', 'Jean', 505),
   ('IT', 'Tim', 200),
   ('IT', 'Anna', 300),
   ('IT', 'Elen', 500);

SELECT
    department,
    employee_name AS emp,
    salary,
    max_salary_per_dep,
    total_salary_per_dep,
    round((salary / total_salary_per_dep) * 100, 2) AS `share_per_dep(%)`
FROM
(
    SELECT
        department,
        employee_name,
        salary,
        max(salary) OVER wndw AS max_salary_per_dep,
        sum(salary) OVER wndw AS total_salary_per_dep
    FROM employees
    WINDOW wndw AS (
        PARTITION BY department
        ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING
    )
    ORDER BY
        department ASC,
        employee_name ASC
);

┌─department─┬─emp──┬─salary─┬─max_salary_per_dep─┬─total_salary_per_dep─┬─share_per_dep(%)─┐
│ Finance    │ Jean │    505 │                505 │                  915 │            55.19 │
│ Finance    │ Joan │    210 │                505 │                  915 │            22.95 │
│ Finance    │ Jonh │    200 │                505 │                  915 │            21.86 │
│ IT         │ Anna │    300 │                500 │                 1000 │               30 │
│ IT         │ Elen │    500 │                500 │                 1000 │               50 │
│ IT         │ Tim  │    200 │                500 │                 1000 │               20 │
└────────────┴──────┴────────┴────────────────────┴──────────────────────┴──────────────────┘

Cumulative sum

CREATE TABLE warehouse
(
    `item` String,
    `ts` DateTime,
    `value` Float
)
ENGINE = Memory

INSERT INTO warehouse VALUES
    ('sku38', '2020-01-01', 9),
    ('sku38', '2020-02-01', 1),
    ('sku38', '2020-03-01', -4),
    ('sku1', '2020-01-01', 1),
    ('sku1', '2020-02-01', 1),
    ('sku1', '2020-03-01', 1);

SELECT
    item,
    ts,
    value,
    sum(value) OVER (PARTITION BY item ORDER BY ts ASC) AS stock_balance
FROM warehouse
ORDER BY
    item ASC,
    ts ASC;

┌─item──┬──────────────────ts─┬─value─┬─stock_balance─┐
│ sku1  │ 2020-01-01 00:00:00 │     1 │             1 │
│ sku1  │ 2020-02-01 00:00:00 │     1 │             2 │
│ sku1  │ 2020-03-01 00:00:00 │     1 │             3 │
│ sku38 │ 2020-01-01 00:00:00 │     9 │             9 │
│ sku38 │ 2020-02-01 00:00:00 │     1 │            10 │
│ sku38 │ 2020-03-01 00:00:00 │    -4 │             6 │
└───────┴─────────────────────┴───────┴───────────────┘

Moving / sliding average (per 3 rows)

CREATE TABLE sensors
(
    `metric` String,
    `ts` DateTime,
    `value` Float
)
ENGINE = Memory;

insert into sensors values('cpu_temp', '2020-01-01 00:00:00', 87),
                          ('cpu_temp', '2020-01-01 00:00:01', 77),
                          ('cpu_temp', '2020-01-01 00:00:02', 93),
                          ('cpu_temp', '2020-01-01 00:00:03', 87),
                          ('cpu_temp', '2020-01-01 00:00:04', 87),
                          ('cpu_temp', '2020-01-01 00:00:05', 87),
                          ('cpu_temp', '2020-01-01 00:00:06', 87),
                          ('cpu_temp', '2020-01-01 00:00:07', 87);

SELECT
    metric,
    ts,
    value,
    avg(value) OVER (
        PARTITION BY metric 
        ORDER BY ts ASC 
        ROWS BETWEEN 2 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
    ) AS moving_avg_temp
FROM sensors
ORDER BY
    metric ASC,
    ts ASC;

┌─metric───┬──────────────────ts─┬─value─┬───moving_avg_temp─┐
│ cpu_temp │ 2020-01-01 00:00:00 │    87 │                87 │
│ cpu_temp │ 2020-01-01 00:00:01 │    77 │                82 │
│ cpu_temp │ 2020-01-01 00:00:02 │    93 │ 85.66666666666667 │
│ cpu_temp │ 2020-01-01 00:00:03 │    87 │ 85.66666666666667 │
│ cpu_temp │ 2020-01-01 00:00:04 │    87 │                89 │
│ cpu_temp │ 2020-01-01 00:00:05 │    87 │                87 │
│ cpu_temp │ 2020-01-01 00:00:06 │    87 │                87 │
│ cpu_temp │ 2020-01-01 00:00:07 │    87 │                87 │
└──────────┴─────────────────────┴───────┴───────────────────┘

Moving / sliding average (per 10 seconds)

SELECT
    metric,
    ts,
    value,
    avg(value) OVER (PARTITION BY metric ORDER BY ts
      RANGE BETWEEN 10 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS moving_avg_10_seconds_temp
FROM sensors
ORDER BY
    metric ASC,
    ts ASC;
    
┌─metric───┬──────────────────ts─┬─value─┬─moving_avg_10_seconds_temp─┐
│ cpu_temp │ 2020-01-01 00:00:00 │    87 │                         87 │
│ cpu_temp │ 2020-01-01 00:01:10 │    77 │                         77 │
│ cpu_temp │ 2020-01-01 00:02:20 │    93 │                         93 │
│ cpu_temp │ 2020-01-01 00:03:30 │    87 │                         87 │
│ cpu_temp │ 2020-01-01 00:04:40 │    87 │                         87 │
│ cpu_temp │ 2020-01-01 00:05:50 │    87 │                         87 │
│ cpu_temp │ 2020-01-01 00:06:00 │    87 │                         87 │
│ cpu_temp │ 2020-01-01 00:07:10 │    87 │                         87 │
└──────────┴─────────────────────┴───────┴────────────────────────────┘

Moving / sliding average (per 10 days)

Temperature is stored with second precision, but using Range and ORDER BY toDate(ts) we form a frame with the size of 10 units, and because of toDate(ts) the unit is a day.

CREATE TABLE sensors
(
    `metric` String,
    `ts` DateTime,
    `value` Float
)
ENGINE = Memory;

insert into sensors values('ambient_temp', '2020-01-01 00:00:00', 16),
                          ('ambient_temp', '2020-01-01 12:00:00', 16),
                          ('ambient_temp', '2020-01-02 11:00:00', 9),
                          ('ambient_temp', '2020-01-02 12:00:00', 9),                          
                          ('ambient_temp', '2020-02-01 10:00:00', 10),
                          ('ambient_temp', '2020-02-01 12:00:00', 10),
                          ('ambient_temp', '2020-02-10 12:00:00', 12),                          
                          ('ambient_temp', '2020-02-10 13:00:00', 12),
                          ('ambient_temp', '2020-02-20 12:00:01', 16),
                          ('ambient_temp', '2020-03-01 12:00:00', 16),
                          ('ambient_temp', '2020-03-01 12:00:00', 16),
                          ('ambient_temp', '2020-03-01 12:00:00', 16);

SELECT
    metric,
    ts,
    value,
    round(avg(value) OVER (PARTITION BY metric ORDER BY toDate(ts) 
       RANGE BETWEEN 10 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW),2) AS moving_avg_10_days_temp
FROM sensors
ORDER BY
    metric ASC,
    ts ASC;

┌─metric───────┬──────────────────ts─┬─value─┬─moving_avg_10_days_temp─┐
│ ambient_temp │ 2020-01-01 00:00:00 │    16 │                      16 │
│ ambient_temp │ 2020-01-01 12:00:00 │    16 │                      16 │
│ ambient_temp │ 2020-01-02 11:00:00 │     9 │                    12.5 │
│ ambient_temp │ 2020-01-02 12:00:00 │     9 │                    12.5 │
│ ambient_temp │ 2020-02-01 10:00:00 │    10 │                      10 │
│ ambient_temp │ 2020-02-01 12:00:00 │    10 │                      10 │
│ ambient_temp │ 2020-02-10 12:00:00 │    12 │                      11 │
│ ambient_temp │ 2020-02-10 13:00:00 │    12 │                      11 │
│ ambient_temp │ 2020-02-20 12:00:01 │    16 │                   13.33 │
│ ambient_temp │ 2020-03-01 12:00:00 │    16 │                      16 │
│ ambient_temp │ 2020-03-01 12:00:00 │    16 │                      16 │
│ ambient_temp │ 2020-03-01 12:00:00 │    16 │                      16 │
└──────────────┴─────────────────────┴───────┴─────────────────────────┘

References

GitHub Issues

The roadmap for the initial support of window functions is in this issue. All GitHub issues related to window functions have the comp-window-functions tag.

SQL Reference

Data Types

Engines

Functions

Formats

Settings

System Tables

Data Lakes

Standard window functions

Syntax

Functions usable only as window functions

Examples

Numbering rows

Aggregation functions

Partitioning by column

Frame bounding

GROUPS frame

Real world examples

Maximum/total salary per department

Cumulative sum

Moving / sliding average (per 3 rows)

Moving / sliding average (per 10 seconds)

Moving / sliding average (per 10 days)

References

GitHub Issues

Tests

Postgres Docs

MySQL Docs

​Standard window functions

​Syntax

​Functions usable only as window functions

​Examples

​Numbering rows

​Aggregation functions

​Partitioning by column

​Frame bounding

​GROUPS frame

​Real world examples

​Maximum/total salary per department

​Cumulative sum

​Moving / sliding average (per 3 rows)

​Moving / sliding average (per 10 seconds)

​Moving / sliding average (per 10 days)

​References

​GitHub Issues

​Tests

​Postgres Docs

​MySQL Docs

​Related Content

Standard window functions

Syntax

Functions usable only as window functions

Examples

Numbering rows

Aggregation functions

Partitioning by column

Frame bounding

GROUPS frame

Real world examples

Maximum/total salary per department

Cumulative sum

Moving / sliding average (per 3 rows)

Moving / sliding average (per 10 seconds)

Moving / sliding average (per 10 days)

References

GitHub Issues

Tests

Postgres Docs

MySQL Docs

Related Content