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DELETE`}),`로 영향을 받는 데이터 파트를 재작성하는 것, 또는 파티션 전체를 효율적으로 제거하는 것을 의미할 수 있습니다. 경량한 삭제는 백그라운드 머지 과정에서 데이터가 물리적으로 제거되기 전까지 이후 쿼리에서 해당 행을 숨깁니다.`]}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`중복-제거`,children:`중복 제거`}),_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[`ClickHouse에서 중복 제거(deduplication)는 여러 가지 서로 다른 메커니즘을 가리킬 수 있습니다. 행 버전 중복 제거에서는 `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`ReplacingMergeTree`}),`와 같은 엔진이 정렬 키(sorting key)를 기준으로 중복 버전을 식별하고, 파티션 내에서 백그라운드 머지가 수행될 때 이를 정리합니다. 복제된 테이블 엔진은 이와 별개로, 재시도된 삽입 블록을 블록 식별자를 기준으로 중복 제거할 수 있습니다.`]}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`딕셔너리`,children:`딕셔너리`}),_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[`딕셔너리는 인메모리 또는 외부 소스의 참조 데이터에 키-값 방식으로 액세스할 수 있게 해줍니다. 키 기반 조회가 가능한 경우, 딕셔너리 함수나 딕셔너리에 대한 직접 `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`JOIN`}),`을 사용하면 참조 테이블을 반복해서 스캔하지 않아도 됩니다.`]}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`분산-테이블`,children:`분산 테이블`}),_jsx(_components.p,{children:`ClickHouse의 분산 테이블은 데이터를 직접 저장하지 않고, 클러스터 내 여러 서버에 걸친 분산 쿼리 처리를 위한 통합 뷰를 제공하는 특수한 유형의 테이블입니다.`}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`final`,children:_jsx(_components.code,{children:`FINAL`})}),_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[_jsx(_components.code,{children:`FINAL`}),`은 저장된 파트를 물리적으로 머지하지 않고, 데이터를 읽는 동안 엔진의 머지 시점 변환을 적용하는 쿼리 수정자입니다. `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`ReplacingMergeTree`}),`와 같은 엔진에서 백그라운드 머지가 완료되기 전에도 정합성이 맞춰진 결과를 반환할 수 있지만, 그 대가로 쿼리 시점에 추가적인 컴퓨트와 메모리를 소모합니다.`]}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`granule`,children:`Granule`}),_jsx(_components.p,{children:`그래뉼은 ClickHouse가 프라이머리 인덱스 프루닝을 위해 읽어들이는 가장 작은 논리적 행 그룹입니다. 기본적으로 최대 8,192개의 행을 포함하지만, 적응형 인덱스 세분화 수준(adaptive index granularity)이 적용되면 더 작은 그래뉼이 생성될 수 있습니다. 프라이머리 인덱스는 일반적으로 그래뉼마다 하나의 항목을 저장합니다.`}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`증분형-materialized-view`,children:`증분형 materialized view`}),_jsx(_components.p,{children:`증분형 materialized view는 원본 테이블에 데이터가 삽입될 때 해당 쿼리를 실행하고 그 결과를 대상 테이블에 기록합니다. 원본 테이블의 현재 전체 상태가 아니라 새로 삽입된 블록만 처리하며, 조인된 오른쪽 테이블이 변경되더라도 다시 트리거되지 않습니다.`}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`json`,children:_jsx(_components.code,{children:`JSON`})}),_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[_jsx(_components.code,{children:`JSON`}),` 타입은 행마다 경로와 타입이 달라질 수 있는 반정형 문서를 저장합니다. ClickHouse는 발견된 경로를 서브컬럼으로 저장하므로 쿼리에서 개별 필드를 효율적으로 읽을 수 있습니다. 스키마가 안정적이라면 타입이 지정된 컬럼이나 `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`Tuple`}),`과 같은 구조적 타입을 사용하십시오.`]}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`마크-파일-mark-file`,children:`마크 파일(Mark file)`}),_jsx(_components.p,{children:`mark 파일에는 압축된 컬럼 데이터에서 그래뉼의 위치를 찾는 데 사용되는 오프셋이 저장됩니다. 각 mark는 압축 파일 내의 오프셋과 이에 대응하는 압축 해제된 블록 내의 오프셋을 함께 기록하므로, ClickHouse는 컬럼 전체를 읽지 않고도 원하는 그래뉼로 바로 이동할 수 있습니다.`}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`materialized-view`,children:`Materialized view`}),_jsx(_components.p,{children:`ClickHouse에는 두 가지 materialized view 모델이 있습니다. 증분형 materialized view는 새로 삽입된 block을 처리하는 삽입 시점 트리거처럼 동작하는 반면, 갱신 가능 materialized view는 전체 데이터셋을 대상으로 쿼리를 주기적으로 다시 실행합니다. 다른 데이터베이스에서 이름이 비슷한 기능은 이 두 동작을 함께 제공하기도 하므로, 항상 일대일로 대응되지는 않습니다.`}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`머지`,children:`머지`}),_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[`ClickHouse의 머지는 동일한 파티션 내에서 크기가 작은 불변 데이터 파트를 더 큰 파트로 병합하는 백그라운드 스토리지 작업입니다. 테이블 엔진에 따라 머지는 행을 집계(aggregate)하거나 축약(collapse)하거나 대체할 수도 있습니다. 이는 트랜잭션 SQL `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`MERGE`}),` 문과는 다릅니다.`]}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`mergetree`,children:_jsx(_components.code,{children:`MergeTree`})}),_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[`ClickHouse의 `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`MergeTree`}),`는 높은 데이터 수집 속도와 대용량 데이터를 처리하도록 설계된 테이블 엔진입니다. ClickHouse의 핵심 저장 엔진으로, 열 지향 저장, 사용자 정의 파티셔닝, 희소 프라이머리 인덱스, 백그라운드 데이터 머지 지원 등의 기능을 제공합니다.`]}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`뮤테이션-mutation`,children:`뮤테이션(Mutation)`}),_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[_jsx(_components.code,{children:`MergeTree`}),` 계열 테이블에서 뮤테이션(mutation)은 `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`ALTER TABLE ... UPDATE`}),`나 `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`ALTER TABLE ... DELETE`}),`와 같은 명령어로 기존 데이터를 수정하거나 삭제합니다. OLTP의 행 단위 UPDATE와 달리 영향을 받는 데이터 파트를 재작성하며, 일반적으로 비동기로 진행됩니다. 파트는 준비되는 대로 대체되므로 이 작업은 테이블 전체를 아우르는 원자적 트랜잭션이 아닙니다.`]}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`널-허용-nullable-컬럼`,children:`널 허용(Nullable) 컬럼`}),_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[_jsx(_components.code,{children:`0`}),`이나 빈 문자열과 같은 값을 포함한 `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`T`}),` 타입의 일반 값과 `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`NULL`}),`을 구분하려면 컬럼에 `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`Nullable(T)`}),`를 사용해야 합니다. ClickHouse는 별도의 null 마스크를 저장하므로 저장 공간과 처리 비용이 추가로 발생합니다. 따라서 널 허용 컬럼은 기본 선택지로 쓰기보다는, 값이 없다는 사실 자체에 의미가 있는 경우에 사용하십시오.`]}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`즉시-적용-뮤테이션-on-the-fly-mutation`,children:`즉시 적용 뮤테이션(On-the-fly mutation)`}),_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[`뮤테이션과 이후의 읽기 모두에 대해 `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`apply_mutations_on_fly`}),`가 활성화되어 있으면, ClickHouse는 `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`SELECT`}),` 쿼리 실행 중에 대기 중인 UPDATE 또는 삭제 작업을 적용하므로, 저장된 파트가 재작성되기 전에도 그 결과를 확인할 수 있습니다. 뮤테이션 자체는 여전히 백그라운드에서 비동기로 구체화됩니다.`]}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`파트`,children:`파트`}),_jsx(_components.p,{children:`데이터 파트(data part)는 테이블 행의 일부를 담고 있는, 스토리지상의 불변(immutable) 파일 집합입니다. 파트는 삽입 시 생성되며, 하나의 파티션 내에서 백그라운드 머지를 통해 결합됩니다. 데이터를 논리적으로 묶은 단위인 파티션과 달리, 파트는 ClickHouse가 관리하는 물리적 저장 단위입니다.`}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`파티션`,children:`파티션`}),_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[`파티션은 `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`MergeTree`}),` 계열 테이블에서 데이터 파트를 논리적으로 묶은 단위입니다. 파티셔닝은 주로 데이터 그룹 단위의 삭제, 이동, 보존 정책 적용과 같은 데이터 관리 작업을 위해 사용됩니다. 파티션 프루닝은 일부 파티션만 선택하는 쿼리에 도움이 될 수 있지만, 쿼리 성능에는 일반적으로 정렬 키와 프라이머리 키(primary key)가 더 중요합니다.`]}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`파티셔닝-키`,children:`파티셔닝 키`}),_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[`파티셔닝 키는 테이블의 `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`PARTITION BY`}),` 절에 지정된 표현식입니다. 동일한 partition ID를 생성하는 행은 동일한 논리적 파티션에 속하며, 삽입 작업이 나뉘어 수행되면 해당 파티션 안에 서로 다른 data part가 생성될 수 있습니다. 이러한 그룹화 덕분에 파티션 전체를 삭제, 이동 또는 아카이브하는 작업이 가능해집니다.`]}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`기본-키-primary-key`,children:`기본 키(Primary key)`}),_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[`많은 트랜잭션 데이터베이스의 프라이머리 키와 달리, ClickHouse의 프라이머리 키는 행 단위 고유성 제약 조건이 아닙니다. 프라이머리 키는 ClickHouse가 읽기 과정에서 그래뉼을 건너뛸 수 있도록 돕는 희소 프라이머리 인덱스(sparse primary index)의 컬럼을 정의합니다. 기본적으로 `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`ORDER BY`}),`로 정의된 정렬 키(sorting key)와 일치하며, 별도로 정의할 경우 정렬 키의 접두사(prefix)여야 합니다.`]}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`프로젝션-projection`,children:`프로젝션(Projection)`}),_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[`프로젝션은 테이블 데이터를 다른 정렬 순서, 컬럼의 부분 집합 또는 미리 계산된 집계 형태로 자동 유지 관리하는 표현입니다. ClickHouse는 원본 테이블을 쿼리할 때 이를 자동으로 선택할 수 있습니다. 프로젝션은 저장된 데이터를 중복 저장하고 쓰기 부담을 늘릴 수 있으나, `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`_part_offset`}),` 프로젝션을 사용하면 기반 테이블에서 추가 읽기를 수행하는 대신 저장 공간을 절약할 수 있습니다.`]}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`갱신-가능-구체화-뷰`,children:`갱신 가능 구체화 뷰`}),_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[`갱신 가능 구체화 뷰(refreshable materialized view)는 정해진 일정에 따라 전체 데이터셋을 대상으로 쿼리를 주기적으로 다시 실행하고, 저장된 결과를 대체하거나 추가합니다. 증분형 materialized view와 달리 삽입되는 블록마다 트리거되지 않으며, 복잡한 쿼리도 사용할 수 있습니다. `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`SELECT`}),` 결과를 구체화하는 예약 쿼리를 대체할 수 있지만, 임의의 DDL 또는 DML SQL 문을 실행하기 위한 범용 스케줄러는 아닙니다.`]}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`replacingmergetree`,children:_jsx(_components.code,{children:`ReplacingMergeTree`})}),_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[_jsx(_components.code,{children:`ReplacingMergeTree`}),`는 동일한 정렬 키(sorting key)를 가진 여러 버전의 행을 받아들이고 백그라운드 머지 과정에서 그중 한 버전만 남기는 방식으로 UPDATE와 업서트를 구현합니다. 중복 제거는 삽입 시점의 고유성 보장이 아니라 최종적으로 수렴하는 방식이므로, `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`FINAL`}),`이나 이에 상응하는 쿼리 로직을 사용하거나 해당 파트가 머지되기 전까지는 쿼리 결과에 여러 버전이 나타날 수 있습니다.`]}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`레플리카`,children:`레플리카`}),_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[`레플리카는 가용성과 쿼리 처리 용량을 위해 다른 레플리카와 동일한 논리적 테이블 데이터를 유지하거나 해당 데이터에 액세스하는 서버 또는 컴퓨트 인스턴스입니다. `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`ReplicatedMergeTree`}),`에서는 각 레플리카가 데이터의 독립적인 사본을 유지하는 반면, `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`SharedMergeTree`}),`를 사용하는 ClickHouse Cloud 레플리카는 객체 스토리지를 공유합니다.`]}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`보조-인덱스-secondary-index`,children:`보조 인덱스(Secondary index)`}),_jsx(_components.p,{children:`ClickHouse에서 일반적인 보조 인덱스(secondary index)에 가장 가까운 개념은 대체로 데이터 스키핑 인덱스(data skipping index)입니다. B-tree를 통해 개별 행을 찾는 방식이 아니라, 그래뉼 그룹에 대한 메타데이터(metadata)를 저장해 두어 일치하는 값이 있을 수 없는 블록(block)은 ClickHouse가 읽지 않도록 합니다.`}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`세그먼트-shard`,children:`세그먼트(Shard)`}),_jsx(_components.p,{children:`샤드는 분산 배포 환경에서 하나의 서버 또는 레플리카 그룹에 할당된 테이블 데이터의 논리적 부분 집합입니다. 샤딩은 데이터와 쿼리 작업을 여러 서버로 분산하며, 레플리카는 각 샤드 내 데이터에 대한 이중화된 액세스 또는 병렬 액세스를 제공합니다.`}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`스키핑-인덱스`,children:`스키핑 인덱스`}),_jsx(_components.p,{children:`데이터 스키핑 인덱스(data skipping index)는 연속된 하나 이상의 그래뉼에 대한 압축된 메타데이터를 저장하므로, ClickHouse가 쿼리와 일치할 수 없는 블록을 읽지 않도록 해줍니다. 이 인덱스는 인덱싱된 값이 테이블의 정렬 순서와 연관되어 있을 때 가장 효과적이며, 일치하는 값이 대부분의 인덱싱된 블록에 나타난다면 이점이 거의 없을 수 있습니다.`}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`정렬-키-sorting-key`,children:`정렬 키(Sorting key)`}),_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[_jsx(_components.code,{children:`MergeTree`}),` 계열 테이블에서 `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`ORDER BY`}),` 절은 정렬 키(sorting key), 즉 각 data part 내부의 물리적 행 순서를 정의합니다. 이는 다른 분석 데이터베이스의 클러스터링 컬럼이나 클러스터링 키와 비슷한 역할을 하지만, ClickHouse는 이를 사용해 정해진 사전식(lexicographic) 행 순서를 유지합니다. 별도의 프라이머리 키를 지정하지 않으면 정렬 키가 곧 프라이머리 키가 됩니다. 두 키는 서로 관련이 있지만 반드시 동일해야 하는 것은 아닙니다.`]}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`희소-인덱스-sparse-index`,children:`희소 인덱스(Sparse index)`}),_jsx(_components.p,{children:`희소 프라이머리 인덱스는 행마다 하나의 항목을 저장하는 대신 각 그래뉼에 대한 키 값을 저장합니다. ClickHouse는 이러한 항목을 사용해 후보 그래뉼을 식별한 다음 해당 그래뉼의 행을 읽습니다. 인덱스 크기는 행 수가 아니라 그래뉼 수에 비례하므로, 대개 메모리에 상주시킬 수 있을 만큼 작습니다.`}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`테이블-엔진`,children:`테이블 엔진`}),_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[`ClickHouse의 테이블 엔진은 데이터가 어떻게 기록되고 저장되며 액세스되는지를 결정합니다. `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`MergeTree`}),`는 가장 널리 사용되는 테이블 엔진으로, 대량의 데이터를 빠르게 삽입할 수 있으며 삽입된 데이터는 백그라운드에서 처리됩니다.`]}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`트랜잭션-transaction`,children:`트랜잭션(Transaction)`}),_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[`ClickHouse에서 트랜잭션 보장의 범위는 일반적인 OLTP 데이터베이스와 다릅니다. 조건을 충족하는 삽입은 블록 또는 파티션 수준에서 원자적으로 처리되지만, `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`COMMIT`}),`과 `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`ROLLBACK`}),`을 사용하는 전통적인 다중 구문 트랜잭션은 아직 실험적 기능이며 제약이 많습니다.`]}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`ttl`,children:_jsx(_components.code,{children:`TTL`})}),_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[_jsx(_components.code,{children:`TTL`}),` 규칙은 표현식이 조건을 충족하면 데이터를 이동, 삭제 또는 롤업합니다. 만료는 즉시 적용되지 않습니다. ClickHouse는 일반적으로 백그라운드 머지 중에 만료된 데이터에 대한 작업을 수행하므로, 머지가 해당 파트를 처리하기 전까지 만료된 행이 디스크에 남아 있고 쿼리 결과로 반환될 수 있습니다.`]}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`업데이트`,children:`업데이트`}),_jsx(_components.p,{children:`ClickHouse는 빈번한 제자리(in-place) 행 UPDATE보다는 불변이면서 추가(append) 작업이 많은 데이터에 최적화되어 있습니다. UPDATE는 일반적으로 특수 테이블 엔진을 사용해 새 버전을 삽입하는 방식으로 모델링하거나, 영향을 받는 데이터 파트를 재작성하는 뮤테이션으로 수행합니다.`}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`업서트-upsert`,children:`업서트(Upsert)`}),_jsxs(_components.p,{children:[_jsx(_components.code,{children:`MergeTree`}),` 계열 테이블은 트랜잭션 방식의 `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`INSERT ... ON CONFLICT`}),` 업서트를 지원하지 않습니다. 업서트는 일반적으로 `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`ReplacingMergeTree`}),`와 같은 엔진에 더 새로운 버전의 행을 삽입하는 방식으로 구현합니다. 이전 버전은 백그라운드 머지 과정에서 정리되므로, 머지가 이루어지기 전까지는 쿼리에 `,_jsx(_components.code,{children:`FINAL`}),` 또는 이에 상응하는 로직이 필요할 수 있습니다.`]}),_jsx(Heading,{level:`2`,id:`웨어하우스-warehouse`,children:`웨어하우스(Warehouse)`}),_jsx(_components.p,{children:`ClickHouse Cloud에서 warehouse는 동일한 데이터를 공유하면서도 컴퓨트 resource와 endpoint는 독립적으로 갖는 service의 집합입니다. warehouse가 하나의 컴퓨트 cluster를 의미하는 시스템에서는 개별 ClickHouse service가 이에 더 가까운 개념이며, ClickHouse의 warehouse는 여러 service를 묶는 단위입니다.`})]})})]})}function MDXContent(props={}){const{wrapper:MDXLayout}={..._provideComponents(),...props.components};return MDXLayout?_jsx(MDXLayout,{...props,children:_jsx(_createMdxContent,{...props})}):_createMdxContent(props)}return{Glossary,glossaryMetadata,default:MDXContent};function _missingMdxReference(id,component){throw new Error(`Expected `+(component?`component`:`object`)+\" `\"+id+\"` to be defined: you likely forgot to import, pass, or provide it.\")}","frontmatter":{},"scope":{"config":{},"pageMetadata":{"sidebarTitle":"용어집","description":"트랜잭션 데이터베이스와 다른 동작에 중점을 둔 데이터베이스 개념 및 ClickHouse 용어의 정의입니다.","title":"용어집","slug":"/concepts/glossary","keywords":["용어집","정의","용어"],"mode":"wide","doc_type":"reference","href":"/ko/concepts/core-concepts/glossary"}}},"mdxSourceWithNoJs":null,"noJsSplices":[[144,8830,")=>null;const glossaryMetadata=undefined"],[9263,9267,""]]},"mdxExtracts":{"tableOfContents":[{"title":"원자성(Atomicity)","slug":"원자성-atomicity","depth":2,"children":[]},{"title":"블록(Block)","slug":"블록-block","depth":2,"children":[]},{"title":"클러스터","slug":"클러스터","depth":2,"children":[]},{"title":"CMEK","slug":"cmek","depth":2,"children":[]},{"title":"삭제","slug":"삭제","depth":2,"children":[]},{"title":"중복 제거","slug":"중복-제거","depth":2,"children":[]},{"title":"딕셔너리","slug":"딕셔너리","depth":2,"children":[]},{"title":"분산 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