> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://clickhouse.com/docs/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

> Aprende a usar proyecciones para mejorar el rendimiento de las consultas que ejecutas con frecuencia con el conjunto de datos de propiedades del Reino Unido, que contiene datos sobre los precios pagados por propiedades inmobiliarias en Inglaterra y Gales

# El conjunto de datos de precios de propiedades en el Reino Unido

export const RunnableCode = ({children, run = false, showStats = true}) => {
  const [results, setResults] = useState(null);
  const [error, setError] = useState(null);
  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
  const [showResults, setShowResults] = useState(false);
  const [stats, setStats] = useState(null);
  const [isDark, setIsDark] = useState(false);
  const [hoveredRow, setHoveredRow] = useState(-1);
  const codeRef = useRef(null);
  useEffect(() => {
    if (typeof window !== "undefined") {
      const check = () => setIsDark(document.documentElement.classList.contains("dark"));
      check();
      const observer = new MutationObserver(check);
      observer.observe(document.documentElement, {
        attributes: true,
        attributeFilter: ["class"]
      });
      return () => observer.disconnect();
    }
  }, []);
  useEffect(() => {
    if (codeRef.current) {
      const block = codeRef.current.querySelector(".code-block");
      if (block) {
        block.style.marginBottom = "0";
        block.style.marginTop = "0";
        block.style.borderBottomLeftRadius = "0";
        block.style.borderBottomRightRadius = "0";
      }
    }
  });
  const getSqlText = () => {
    if (!codeRef.current) return "";
    const code = codeRef.current.querySelector("code");
    return (code || codeRef.current).textContent.trim();
  };
  const executeQuery = async () => {
    const sql = getSqlText();
    if (!sql) return;
    setLoading(true);
    setError(null);
    setResults(null);
    setShowResults(true);
    try {
      const cleanQuery = sql.replace(/;$/, "").trim();
      const params = new URLSearchParams({
        query: cleanQuery,
        default_format: "JSONCompact",
        result_overflow_mode: "break",
        read_overflow_mode: "break",
        allow_experimental_analyzer: "1"
      });
      const res = await fetch(`https://sql-clickhouse.clickhouse.com/?${params.toString()}`, {
        method: "POST",
        headers: {
          Authorization: `Basic ${btoa(`demo:`)}`
        }
      });
      const text = await res.text();
      if (!res.ok) {
        setError(text || `HTTP ${res.status}`);
        setLoading(false);
        return;
      }
      const json = JSON.parse(text);
      setResults(json);
      setStats(json.statistics || null);
    } catch (err) {
      setError(err.message || "Error al ejecutar la consulta");
    }
    setLoading(false);
  };
  useEffect(() => {
    if (run) executeQuery();
  }, []);
  const formatRows = n => {
    if (n >= 1e9) return `${(n / 1e9).toFixed(1)}B`;
    if (n >= 1e6) return `${(n / 1e6).toFixed(1)}M`;
    if (n >= 1e3) return `${(n / 1e3).toFixed(1)}K`;
    return String(n);
  };
  const formatBytes = b => {
    if (b >= 1e9) return `${(b / 1e9).toFixed(2)} GB`;
    if (b >= 1e6) return `${(b / 1e6).toFixed(2)} MB`;
    if (b >= 1e3) return `${(b / 1e3).toFixed(2)} KB`;
    return `${b} B`;
  };
  const isNumericType = type => {
    return (/^(UInt|Int|Float|Decimal)/).test(type);
  };
  const isHyperlink = value => {
    return typeof value === "string" && (/^https?:\/\//).test(value);
  };
  const computeColumnExtremes = (meta, data) => {
    const extremes = {};
    for (let i = 0; i < meta.length; i++) {
      if (isNumericType(meta[i].type)) {
        let min = Infinity, max = -Infinity;
        for (const row of data) {
          const v = Number(row[i]);
          if (!isNaN(v)) {
            if (v < min) min = v;
            if (v > max) max = v;
          }
        }
        if (max > -Infinity) {
          extremes[i] = {
            min,
            max
          };
        }
      }
    }
    return extremes;
  };
  const computeColumnWidths = (meta, data) => {
    const lengths = meta.map((col, i) => {
      const headerLen = col.name.length + col.type.length + 1;
      let maxData = 0;
      for (const row of data) {
        const v = row[i];
        const len = v === null ? 4 : String(v).length;
        if (len > maxData) maxData = len;
      }
      return Math.max(headerLen, maxData);
    });
    const total = lengths.reduce((s, l) => s + l, 0);
    return lengths.map(l => `${(l / total * 100).toFixed(1)}%`);
  };
  const copyResultsAsTSV = () => {
    if (!results || !results.meta || !results.data) return;
    const header = results.meta.map(col => col.name).join("\t");
    const rows = results.data.map(row => row.map(cell => cell === null ? "NULL" : String(cell)).join("\t"));
    const tsv = [header, ...rows].join("\n");
    navigator.clipboard.writeText(tsv);
  };
  const borderColor = isDark ? "rgba(255,255,255,0.15)" : "#e5e7eb";
  const bgColor = isDark ? "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)" : "#f9fafb";
  const headerBg = isDark ? "#2a2a2a" : "#f3f4f6";
  const textColor = isDark ? "#e5e7eb" : "#1f2937";
  const mutedColor = isDark ? "#d1d5db" : "#6b7280";
  const accentColor = isDark ? "#FAFF69" : "#323232";
  const accentTextColor = isDark ? "#000" : "#fff";
  const barColor = isDark ? "#35372f" : "#d2d2d2";
  const cellBg = isDark ? "#1f201b" : "#ffffff";
  const cellBgHover = isDark ? "lch(15.8 0 0)" : "#f0f0f0";
  const extremes = results && results.meta && results.data ? computeColumnExtremes(results.meta, results.data) : {};
  const colWidths = results && results.meta && results.data ? computeColumnWidths(results.meta, results.data) : [];
  const getCellBarStyle = (cell, ci, ri) => {
    if (cell === null) return null;
    const colMeta = results.meta[ci];
    if (!isNumericType(colMeta.type) || !extremes[ci] || results.data.length <= 1 || extremes[ci].max <= 0) return null;
    const ratio = 100 * Number(cell) / extremes[ci].max;
    const bg = ri === hoveredRow ? cellBgHover : cellBg;
    return {
      background: `linear-gradient(to right, ${barColor} 0%, ${barColor} ${ratio}%, ${bg} ${ratio}%, ${bg} 100%)`
    };
  };
  const renderCell = (cell, ci) => {
    if (cell === null) {
      return <span style={{
        color: mutedColor,
        fontStyle: "italic"
      }}>NULL</span>;
    }
    const value = String(cell);
    if (isHyperlink(value)) {
      return <a href={value} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style={{
        color: accentColor,
        textDecoration: "underline",
        cursor: "pointer"
      }}>
          {value}
        </a>;
    }
    return value;
  };
  return <div className="not-prose" style={{
    margin: "1rem 0",
    width: "100%",
    boxSizing: "border-box",
    contain: "inline-size"
  }}>
      {}
      <div>
        <div ref={codeRef}>{children}</div>

        {}
        <div style={{
    display: "flex",
    justifyContent: "space-between",
    alignItems: "center",
    padding: "6px 12px",
    backgroundColor: headerBg,
    borderWidth: "0 1px 1px 1px",
    borderStyle: "solid",
    borderColor: isDark ? "rgba(255,255,255,0.1)" : "rgba(11,11,11,0.1)",
    borderRadius: "0 0 4px 4px"
  }}>
          <div style={{
    display: "flex",
    alignItems: "center",
    gap: "12px"
  }}>
            {results && <button onClick={() => setShowResults(!showResults)} style={{
    background: "none",
    border: "none",
    cursor: "pointer",
    color: mutedColor,
    fontSize: "12px",
    padding: "2px 4px"
  }}>
                {showResults ? "▼ Ocultar resultados" : "▶ Mostrar resultados"}
              </button>}
            {showStats && stats && <span style={{
    fontSize: "11px",
    color: mutedColor,
    fontStyle: "italic"
  }}>
                Leídas {formatRows(stats.rows_read)} filas, {formatBytes(stats.bytes_read)} en {stats.elapsed.toFixed(3)}s
              </span>}
          </div>
          <button onClick={() => executeQuery()} disabled={loading} style={{
    display: "flex",
    alignItems: "center",
    gap: "6px",
    padding: "4px 14px",
    borderRadius: "4px",
    border: "none",
    cursor: loading ? "wait" : "pointer",
    backgroundColor: accentColor,
    color: accentTextColor,
    fontSize: "12px",
    fontWeight: 600
  }}>
            {loading ? <span>Ejecutando...</span> : <>
                <span style={{
    fontSize: "10px"
  }}>▶</span>
                <span>Ejecutar</span>
              </>}
          </button>
        </div>
      </div>

      {}
      {showResults && <div className="not-prose" style={{
    marginTop: "8px",
    maxHeight: "350px",
    overflow: "auto",
    border: `1px solid ${borderColor}`,
    borderRadius: "4px"
  }}>
          <div>
            {loading && <div style={{
    padding: "24px",
    textAlign: "center",
    color: mutedColor
  }}>Ejecutando consulta...</div>}

            {error && <div style={{
    padding: "12px 16px",
    color: "#ef4444",
    backgroundColor: isDark ? "rgba(239,68,68,0.1)" : "#fef2f2",
    fontSize: "13px",
    fontFamily: "monospace",
    whiteSpace: "pre-wrap"
  }}>
                {error}
              </div>}

            {results && results.meta && results.data && <div style={{
    display: "grid",
    gridTemplateColumns: colWidths.join(" "),
    width: "100%",
    fontSize: "13px",
    fontFamily: 'ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, "SF Mono", Menlo, Consolas, monospace'
  }}>
                {results.meta.map((col, i) => <div key={`h-${i}`} style={{
    position: "sticky",
    top: 0,
    zIndex: 1,
    padding: "6px 12px",
    textAlign: isNumericType(col.type) && results.meta.length > 1 ? "right" : "left",
    backgroundColor: headerBg,
    borderBottom: `1px solid ${borderColor}`,
    color: textColor,
    fontWeight: 600,
    fontSize: "12px",
    whiteSpace: "nowrap",
    overflow: "hidden",
    textOverflow: "ellipsis"
  }}>
                    {col.name}
                    <span style={{
    color: mutedColor,
    fontWeight: 400,
    marginLeft: "4px",
    fontSize: "10px"
  }}>{col.type}</span>
                  </div>)}
                {results.data.map((row, ri) => row.map((cell, ci) => <div key={`${ri}-${ci}`} onMouseEnter={() => setHoveredRow(ri)} onMouseLeave={() => setHoveredRow(-1)} style={{
    padding: "4px 12px",
    color: textColor,
    whiteSpace: "nowrap",
    overflow: "hidden",
    textOverflow: "ellipsis",
    textAlign: isNumericType(results.meta[ci].type) && results.meta.length > 1 ? "right" : "left",
    borderBottom: `1px solid ${borderColor}`,
    backgroundColor: ri === hoveredRow ? cellBgHover : ri % 2 === 0 ? "transparent" : bgColor,
    transition: "background-color 0.1s",
    ...getCellBarStyle(cell, ci, ri)
  }}>
                      {renderCell(cell, ci)}
                    </div>))}
              </div>}

            {results && results.data && <div style={{
    display: "flex",
    justifyContent: "space-between",
    alignItems: "center",
    padding: "4px 12px",
    fontSize: "11px",
    color: mutedColor,
    borderTop: `1px solid ${borderColor}`,
    backgroundColor: headerBg
  }}>
                <span>
                  {results.rows} fila{results.rows !== 1 ? "s" : ""}
                </span>
                <button onClick={copyResultsAsTSV} style={{
    background: "none",
    border: "none",
    cursor: "pointer",
    color: mutedColor,
    fontSize: "11px",
    padding: "2px 6px",
    borderRadius: "3px"
  }} onMouseEnter={e => e.target.style.color = textColor} onMouseLeave={e => e.target.style.color = mutedColor}>
                  ⧉ Copiar TSV
                </button>
              </div>}
          </div>
        </div>}
    </div>;
};

Estos datos incluyen los precios pagados por inmuebles en Inglaterra y Gales. Están disponibles desde 1995, y el tamaño del conjunto de datos sin comprimir es de aproximadamente 4 GiB (que en ClickHouse solo ocupan unos 278 MiB).

* Fuente: [https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/price-paid-data-downloads](https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/price-paid-data-downloads)
* Descripción de los campos: [https://www.gov.uk/guidance/about-the-price-paid-data](https://www.gov.uk/guidance/about-the-price-paid-data)
* Incluye datos de HM Land Registry © Crown copyright y derechos sobre la base de datos de 2021. Estos datos se distribuyen bajo la licencia Open Government Licence v3.0.

<div id="create-table">
  ## Crear la tabla
</div>

```sql theme={null}
CREATE DATABASE uk;

CREATE TABLE uk.uk_price_paid
(
    price UInt32,
    date Date,
    postcode1 LowCardinality(String),
    postcode2 LowCardinality(String),
    type Enum8('terraced' = 1, 'semi-detached' = 2, 'detached' = 3, 'flat' = 4, 'other' = 0),
    is_new UInt8,
    duration Enum8('freehold' = 1, 'leasehold' = 2, 'unknown' = 0),
    addr1 String,
    addr2 String,
    street LowCardinality(String),
    locality LowCardinality(String),
    town LowCardinality(String),
    district LowCardinality(String),
    county LowCardinality(String)
)
ENGINE = MergeTree
ORDER BY (postcode1, postcode2, addr1, addr2);
```

<div id="preprocess-import-data">
  ## Preprocesar e insertar los datos
</div>

Usaremos la función `url` para cargar los datos en ClickHouse. Primero necesitamos preprocesar parte de los datos entrantes, lo que incluye:

* dividir `postcode` en dos columnas distintas, `postcode1` y `postcode2`, lo que mejora el almacenamiento y las consultas
* convertir el campo `time` a fecha, ya que solo contiene la hora 00:00
* ignorar el campo [UUid](/docs/es/reference/data-types/uuid) porque no lo necesitamos para el análisis
* transformar `type` y `duration` en campos `Enum` más legibles mediante la función [transform](/docs/es/reference/functions/regular-functions/other-functions#transform)
* transformar el campo `is_new` de una cadena de un solo carácter (`Y`/`N`) a un campo [UInt8](/docs/es/reference/data-types/int-uint) con valor 0 o 1
* eliminar las dos últimas columnas, ya que todas tienen el mismo valor (0)

La función `url` envía los datos desde el servidor web a su tabla de ClickHouse. El siguiente comando inserta 5 millones de filas en la tabla `uk_price_paid`:

```sql theme={null}
INSERT INTO uk.uk_price_paid
SELECT
    toUInt32(price_string) AS price,
    parseDateTimeBestEffortUS(time) AS date,
    splitByChar(' ', postcode)[1] AS postcode1,
    splitByChar(' ', postcode)[2] AS postcode2,
    transform(a, ['T', 'S', 'D', 'F', 'O'], ['terraced', 'semi-detached', 'detached', 'flat', 'other']) AS type,
    b = 'Y' AS is_new,
    transform(c, ['F', 'L', 'U'], ['freehold', 'leasehold', 'unknown']) AS duration,
    addr1,
    addr2,
    street,
    locality,
    town,
    district,
    county
FROM url(
    'http://prod1.publicdata.landregistry.gov.uk.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/pp-complete.csv',
    'CSV',
    'uuid_string String,
    price_string String,
    time String,
    postcode String,
    a String,
    b String,
    c String,
    addr1 String,
    addr2 String,
    street String,
    locality String,
    town String,
    district String,
    county String,
    d String,
    e String'
) SETTINGS max_http_get_redirects=10;
```

Espera a que se inserten los datos; esto tardará uno o dos minutos, según la velocidad de la red.

<div id="validate-data">
  ## Validar los datos
</div>

Verifiquemos que funcionó comprobando cuántas filas se insertaron:

<RunnableCode>
  ```sql theme={null}
  SELECT count()
  FROM uk.uk_price_paid
  ```
</RunnableCode>

En el momento en que se ejecutó esta consulta, el conjunto de datos tenía 27,450,499 filas. Veamos cuánto espacio de almacenamiento ocupa la tabla en ClickHouse:

<RunnableCode>
  ```sql theme={null}
  SELECT formatReadableSize(total_bytes)
  FROM system.tables
  WHERE name = 'uk_price_paid'
  ```
</RunnableCode>

¡Observa que el tamaño de la tabla es de solo 221.43 MiB!

<div id="run-queries">
  ## Ejecutar algunas consultas
</div>

Vamos a ejecutar algunas consultas para analizar los datos:

<div id="average-price">
  ### Consulta 1. Precio medio por año
</div>

<RunnableCode>
  ```sql theme={null}
  SELECT
     toYear(date) AS year,
     round(avg(price)) AS price,
     bar(price, 0, 1000000, 80
  )
  FROM uk.uk_price_paid
  GROUP BY year
  ORDER BY year
  ```
</RunnableCode>

<div id="average-price-london">
  ### Consulta 2. precio medio por año en Londres
</div>

<RunnableCode>
  ```sql theme={null}
  SELECT
     toYear(date) AS year,
     round(avg(price)) AS price,
     bar(price, 0, 2000000, 100
  )
  FROM uk.uk_price_paid
  WHERE town = 'LONDON'
  GROUP BY year
  ORDER BY year
  ```
</RunnableCode>

¡Algo pasó con los precios de la vivienda en 2020! Pero probablemente no sorprenda...

<div id="most-expensive-neighborhoods">
  ### Consulta 3. Los barrios más caros
</div>

<RunnableCode>
  ```sql theme={null}
  SELECT
      town,
      district,
      count() AS c,
      round(avg(price)) AS price,
      bar(price, 0, 5000000, 100)
  FROM uk.uk_price_paid
  WHERE date >= '2020-01-01'
  GROUP BY
      town,
      district
  HAVING c >= 100
  ORDER BY price DESC
  LIMIT 100
  ```
</RunnableCode>

<div id="speeding-up-queries-with-projections">
  ## Acelerar las consultas con proyecciones
</div>

Estas consultas pueden acelerarse con proyecciones. Consulta ["Proyecciones"](/docs/es/concepts/features/projections/projections) para ver ejemplos con este conjunto de datos.

<div id="playground">
  ### Pruébelo en Playground
</div>

Este conjunto de datos también está disponible en el [Online Playground](https://sql.clickhouse.com?query_id=TRCWH5ZETY4SEEK8ISCCAX).