Type Conversion Functions

Common Issues of Numeric Conversions

When you convert a value from one to another data type, you should remember that in common case, it is an unsafe operation that can lead to a data loss. A data loss can occur if you try to fit value from a larger data type to a smaller data type, or if you convert values between different data types.

ClickHouse has the same behavior as C++ programs.

toInt(8|16|32|64|128|256)

Converts an input value to the Int data type. This function family includes:

• toInt8(expr) — Results in the Int8 data type.
• toInt16(expr) — Results in the Int16 data type.
• toInt32(expr) — Results in the Int32 data type.
• toInt64(expr) — Results in the Int64 data type.
• toInt128(expr) — Results in the Int128 data type.
• toInt256(expr) — Results in the Int256 data type.

Arguments

• expr — Expression returning a number or a string with the decimal representation of a number. Binary, octal, and hexadecimal representations of numbers are not supported. Leading zeroes are stripped.

Returned value

Integer value in the Int8, Int16, Int32, Int64, Int128 or Int256 data type.

Functions use rounding towards zero, meaning they truncate fractional digits of numbers.

The behavior of functions for the NaN and Inf arguments is undefined. Remember about numeric convertions issues, when using the functions.

Example

Query:

SELECT toInt64(nan), toInt32(32), toInt16('16'), toInt8(8.8);

Result:

┌─────────toInt64(nan)─┬─toInt32(32)─┬─toInt16('16')─┬─toInt8(8.8)─┐
│ -9223372036854775808 │          32 │            16 │           8 │
└──────────────────────┴─────────────┴───────────────┴─────────────┘

toInt(8|16|32|64|128|256)OrZero

It takes an argument of type String and tries to parse it into Int (8 | 16 | 32 | 64 | 128 | 256). If failed, returns 0.

Example

Query:

SELECT toInt64OrZero('123123'), toInt8OrZero('123qwe123');

Result:

┌─toInt64OrZero('123123')─┬─toInt8OrZero('123qwe123')─┐
│                  123123 │                         0 │
└─────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────┘

toInt(8|16|32|64|128|256)OrNull

It takes an argument of type String and tries to parse it into Int (8 | 16 | 32 | 64 | 128 | 256). If failed, returns NULL.

Example

Query:

SELECT toInt64OrNull('123123'), toInt8OrNull('123qwe123');

Result:

┌─toInt64OrNull('123123')─┬─toInt8OrNull('123qwe123')─┐
│                  123123 │                      ᴺᵁᴸᴸ │
└─────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────┘

toInt(8|16|32|64|128|256)OrDefault

It takes an argument of type String and tries to parse it into Int (8 | 16 | 32 | 64 | 128 | 256). If failed, returns the default type value.

Example

Query:

SELECT toInt64OrDefault('123123', cast('-1' as Int64)), toInt8OrDefault('123qwe123', cast('-1' as Int8));

Result:

┌─toInt64OrDefault('123123', CAST('-1', 'Int64'))─┬─toInt8OrDefault('123qwe123', CAST('-1', 'Int8'))─┐
│                                          123123 │                                               -1 │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

toUInt(8|16|32|64|256)

Converts an input value to the UInt data type. This function family includes:

• toUInt8(expr) — Results in the UInt8 data type.
• toUInt16(expr) — Results in the UInt16 data type.
• toUInt32(expr) — Results in the UInt32 data type.
• toUInt64(expr) — Results in the UInt64 data type.
• toUInt256(expr) — Results in the UInt256 data type.

Arguments

• expr — Expression returning a number or a string with the decimal representation of a number. Binary, octal, and hexadecimal representations of numbers are not supported. Leading zeroes are stripped.

Returned value

Integer value in the UInt8, UInt16, UInt32, UInt64 or UInt256 data type.

Functions use rounding towards zero, meaning they truncate fractional digits of numbers.

The behavior of functions for negative agruments and for the NaN and Inf arguments is undefined. If you pass a string with a negative number, for example '-32', ClickHouse raises an exception. Remember about numeric convertions issues, when using the functions.

Example

Query:

SELECT toUInt64(nan), toUInt32(-32), toUInt16('16'), toUInt8(8.8);

Result:

┌───────toUInt64(nan)─┬─toUInt32(-32)─┬─toUInt16('16')─┬─toUInt8(8.8)─┐
│ 9223372036854775808 │    4294967264 │             16 │            8 │
└─────────────────────┴───────────────┴────────────────┴──────────────┘

toUInt(8|16|32|64|256)OrZero

toUInt(8|16|32|64|256)OrNull

toUInt(8|16|32|64|256)OrDefault

toFloat(32|64)

toFloat(32|64)OrZero

toFloat(32|64)OrNull

toFloat(32|64)OrDefault

toDate

Alias: DATE.

toDateOrZero

toDateOrNull

toDateOrDefault

toDateTime

toDateTimeOrZero

toDateTimeOrNull

toDateTimeOrDefault

toDate32

Converts the argument to the Date32 data type. If the value is outside the range returns the border values supported by Date32. If the argument has Date type, borders of Date are taken into account.

Syntax

toDate32(expr)

Arguments

• expr — The value. String, UInt32 or Date.

Returned value

• A calendar date.

Type: Date32.

Example

1. The value is within the range:

SELECT toDate32('1955-01-01') AS value, toTypeName(value);

┌──────value─┬─toTypeName(toDate32('1925-01-01'))─┐
│ 1955-01-01 │ Date32                             │
└────────────┴────────────────────────────────────┘

2. The value is outside the range:

SELECT toDate32('1924-01-01') AS value, toTypeName(value);

┌──────value─┬─toTypeName(toDate32('1925-01-01'))─┐
│ 1925-01-01 │ Date32                             │
└────────────┴────────────────────────────────────┘

3. With Date-type argument:

SELECT toDate32(toDate('1924-01-01')) AS value, toTypeName(value);

┌──────value─┬─toTypeName(toDate32(toDate('1924-01-01')))─┐
│ 1970-01-01 │ Date32                                     │
└────────────┴────────────────────────────────────────────┘

toDate32OrZero

The same as toDate32 but returns the min value of Date32 if invalid argument is received.

Example

Query:

SELECT toDate32OrZero('1924-01-01'), toDate32OrZero('');

Result:

┌─toDate32OrZero('1924-01-01')─┬─toDate32OrZero('')─┐
│                   1925-01-01 │         1925-01-01 │
└──────────────────────────────┴────────────────────┘

toDate32OrNull

The same as toDate32 but returns NULL if invalid argument is received.

Example

Query:

SELECT toDate32OrNull('1955-01-01'), toDate32OrNull('');

Result:

┌─toDate32OrNull('1955-01-01')─┬─toDate32OrNull('')─┐
│                   1955-01-01 │               ᴺᵁᴸᴸ │
└──────────────────────────────┴────────────────────┘

toDate32OrDefault

Converts the argument to the Date32 data type. If the value is outside the range returns the lower border value supported by Date32. If the argument has Date type, borders of Date are taken into account. Returns default value if invalid argument is received.

Example

Query:

SELECT
    toDate32OrDefault('1930-01-01', toDate32('2020-01-01')),
    toDate32OrDefault('xx1930-01-01', toDate32('2020-01-01'));

Result:

┌─toDate32OrDefault('1930-01-01', toDate32('2020-01-01'))─┬─toDate32OrDefault('xx1930-01-01', toDate32('2020-01-01'))─┐
│                                              1930-01-01 │                                                2020-01-01 │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

toDecimal(32|64|128|256)

Converts value to the Decimal data type with precision of S. The value can be a number or a string. The S (scale) parameter specifies the number of decimal places.

• toDecimal32(value, S)
• toDecimal64(value, S)
• toDecimal128(value, S)
• toDecimal256(value, S)

toDecimal(32|64|128|256)OrNull

Converts an input string to a Nullable(Decimal(P,S)) data type value. This family of functions include:

• toDecimal32OrNull(expr, S) — Results in Nullable(Decimal32(S)) data type.
• toDecimal64OrNull(expr, S) — Results in Nullable(Decimal64(S)) data type.
• toDecimal128OrNull(expr, S) — Results in Nullable(Decimal128(S)) data type.
• toDecimal256OrNull(expr, S) — Results in Nullable(Decimal256(S)) data type.

These functions should be used instead of toDecimal*() functions, if you prefer to get a NULL value instead of an exception in the event of an input value parsing error.

Arguments

• expr — Expression, returns a value in the String data type. ClickHouse expects the textual representation of the decimal number. For example, '1.111'.
• S — Scale, the number of decimal places in the resulting value.

Returned value

A value in the Nullable(Decimal(P,S)) data type. The value contains:

• Number with S decimal places, if ClickHouse interprets the input string as a number.
• NULL, if ClickHouse can’t interpret the input string as a number or if the input number contains more than S decimal places.

Examples

Query:

SELECT toDecimal32OrNull(toString(-1.111), 5) AS val, toTypeName(val);

Result:

┌────val─┬─toTypeName(toDecimal32OrNull(toString(-1.111), 5))─┐
│ -1.111 │ Nullable(Decimal(9, 5))                            │
└────────┴────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Query:

SELECT toDecimal32OrNull(toString(-1.111), 2) AS val, toTypeName(val);

Result:

┌──val─┬─toTypeName(toDecimal32OrNull(toString(-1.111), 2))─┐
│ ᴺᵁᴸᴸ │ Nullable(Decimal(9, 2))                            │
└──────┴────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

toDecimal(32|64|128|256)OrDefault

Converts an input string to a Decimal(P,S) data type value. This family of functions include:

• toDecimal32OrDefault(expr, S) — Results in Decimal32(S) data type.
• toDecimal64OrDefault(expr, S) — Results in Decimal64(S) data type.
• toDecimal128OrDefault(expr, S) — Results in Decimal128(S) data type.
• toDecimal256OrDefault(expr, S) — Results in Decimal256(S) data type.

These functions should be used instead of toDecimal*() functions, if you prefer to get a default value instead of an exception in the event of an input value parsing error.

Arguments

• expr — Expression, returns a value in the String data type. ClickHouse expects the textual representation of the decimal number. For example, '1.111'.
• S — Scale, the number of decimal places in the resulting value.

Returned value

A value in the Decimal(P,S) data type. The value contains:

• Number with S decimal places, if ClickHouse interprets the input string as a number.
• Default Decimal(P,S) data type value, if ClickHouse can’t interpret the input string as a number or if the input number contains more than S decimal places.

Examples

Query:

SELECT toDecimal32OrDefault(toString(-1.111), 5) AS val, toTypeName(val);

Result:

┌────val─┬─toTypeName(toDecimal32OrDefault(toString(-1.111), 5))─┐
│ -1.111 │ Decimal(9, 5)                                         │
└────────┴───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Query:

SELECT toDecimal32OrDefault(toString(-1.111), 2) AS val, toTypeName(val);

Result:

┌─val─┬─toTypeName(toDecimal32OrDefault(toString(-1.111), 2))─┐
│   0 │ Decimal(9, 2)                                         │
└─────┴───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

toDecimal(32|64|128|256)OrZero

Converts an input value to the Decimal(P,S) data type. This family of functions include:

• toDecimal32OrZero( expr, S) — Results in Decimal32(S) data type.
• toDecimal64OrZero( expr, S) — Results in Decimal64(S) data type.
• toDecimal128OrZero( expr, S) — Results in Decimal128(S) data type.
• toDecimal256OrZero( expr, S) — Results in Decimal256(S) data type.

These functions should be used instead of toDecimal*() functions, if you prefer to get a 0 value instead of an exception in the event of an input value parsing error.

Arguments

• expr — Expression, returns a value in the String data type. ClickHouse expects the textual representation of the decimal number. For example, '1.111'.
• S — Scale, the number of decimal places in the resulting value.

Returned value

A value in the Nullable(Decimal(P,S)) data type. The value contains:

• Number with S decimal places, if ClickHouse interprets the input string as a number.
• 0 with S decimal places, if ClickHouse can’t interpret the input string as a number or if the input number contains more than S decimal places.

Example

Query:

SELECT toDecimal32OrZero(toString(-1.111), 5) AS val, toTypeName(val);

Result:

┌────val─┬─toTypeName(toDecimal32OrZero(toString(-1.111), 5))─┐
│ -1.111 │ Decimal(9, 5)                                      │
└────────┴────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Query:

SELECT toDecimal32OrZero(toString(-1.111), 2) AS val, toTypeName(val);

Result:

┌──val─┬─toTypeName(toDecimal32OrZero(toString(-1.111), 2))─┐
│ 0.00 │ Decimal(9, 2)                                      │
└──────┴────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

toString

Functions for converting between numbers, strings (but not fixed strings), dates, and dates with times. All these functions accept one argument.

When converting to or from a string, the value is formatted or parsed using the same rules as for the TabSeparated format (and almost all other text formats). If the string can’t be parsed, an exception is thrown and the request is canceled.

When converting dates to numbers or vice versa, the date corresponds to the number of days since the beginning of the Unix epoch. When converting dates with times to numbers or vice versa, the date with time corresponds to the number of seconds since the beginning of the Unix epoch.

The date and date-with-time formats for the toDate/toDateTime functions are defined as follows:

YYYY-MM-DD
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss

As an exception, if converting from UInt32, Int32, UInt64, or Int64 numeric types to Date, and if the number is greater than or equal to 65536, the number is interpreted as a Unix timestamp (and not as the number of days) and is rounded to the date. This allows support for the common occurrence of writing ‘toDate(unix_timestamp)’, which otherwise would be an error and would require writing the more cumbersome ‘toDate(toDateTime(unix_timestamp))’.

Conversion between a date and date with time is performed the natural way: by adding a null time or dropping the time.

Conversion between numeric types uses the same rules as assignments between different numeric types in C++.

Additionally, the toString function of the DateTime argument can take a second String argument containing the name of the time zone. Example: Asia/Yekaterinburg In this case, the time is formatted according to the specified time zone.

Example

Query:

SELECT
    now() AS now_local,
    toString(now(), 'Asia/Yekaterinburg') AS now_yekat;

Result:

┌───────────now_local─┬─now_yekat───────────┐
│ 2016-06-15 00:11:21 │ 2016-06-15 02:11:21 │
└─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┘

Also see the toUnixTimestamp function.

toFixedString(s, N)

Converts a String type argument to a FixedString(N) type (a string with fixed length N). N must be a constant. If the string has fewer bytes than N, it is padded with null bytes to the right. If the string has more bytes than N, an exception is thrown.

toStringCutToZero(s)

Accepts a String or FixedString argument. Returns the String with the content truncated at the first zero byte found.

Example

Query:

SELECT toFixedString('foo', 8) AS s, toStringCutToZero(s) AS s_cut;

Result:

┌─s─────────────┬─s_cut─┐
│ foo\0\0\0\0\0 │ foo   │
└───────────────┴───────┘

Query:

SELECT toFixedString('foo\0bar', 8) AS s, toStringCutToZero(s) AS s_cut;

Result:

┌─s──────────┬─s_cut─┐
│ foo\0bar\0 │ foo   │
└────────────┴───────┘

reinterpretAsUInt(8|16|32|64)

reinterpretAsInt(8|16|32|64)

reinterpretAsFloat(32|64)

reinterpretAsDate

reinterpretAsDateTime

These functions accept a string and interpret the bytes placed at the beginning of the string as a number in host order (little endian). If the string isn’t long enough, the functions work as if the string is padded with the necessary number of null bytes. If the string is longer than needed, the extra bytes are ignored. A date is interpreted as the number of days since the beginning of the Unix Epoch, and a date with time is interpreted as the number of seconds since the beginning of the Unix Epoch.

reinterpretAsString

This function accepts a number or date or date with time, and returns a string containing bytes representing the corresponding value in host order (little endian). Null bytes are dropped from the end. For example, a UInt32 type value of 255 is a string that is one byte long.

reinterpretAsFixedString

This function accepts a number or date or date with time, and returns a FixedString containing bytes representing the corresponding value in host order (little endian). Null bytes are dropped from the end. For example, a UInt32 type value of 255 is a FixedString that is one byte long.

reinterpretAsUUID

Accepts 16 bytes string and returns UUID containing bytes representing the corresponding value in network byte order (big-endian). If the string isn't long enough, the function works as if the string is padded with the necessary number of null bytes to the end. If the string longer than 16 bytes, the extra bytes at the end are ignored.

Syntax

reinterpretAsUUID(fixed_string)

Arguments

• fixed_string — Big-endian byte string. FixedString.

Returned value

• The UUID type value. UUID.

Examples

String to UUID.

Query:

SELECT reinterpretAsUUID(reverse(unhex('000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f')));

Result:

┌─reinterpretAsUUID(reverse(unhex('000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f')))─┐
│                                  08090a0b-0c0d-0e0f-0001-020304050607 │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Going back and forth from String to UUID.

Query:

WITH
    generateUUIDv4() AS uuid,
    identity(lower(hex(reverse(reinterpretAsString(uuid))))) AS str,
    reinterpretAsUUID(reverse(unhex(str))) AS uuid2
SELECT uuid = uuid2;

Result:

┌─equals(uuid, uuid2)─┐
│                   1 │
└─────────────────────┘

reinterpret(x, T)

Uses the same source in-memory bytes sequence for x value and reinterprets it to destination type.

Syntax

reinterpret(x, type)

Arguments

• x — Any type.
• type — Destination type. String.

Returned value

• Destination type value.

Examples

Query:

SELECT reinterpret(toInt8(-1), 'UInt8') as int_to_uint,
    reinterpret(toInt8(1), 'Float32') as int_to_float,
    reinterpret('1', 'UInt32') as string_to_int;

Result:

┌─int_to_uint─┬─int_to_float─┬─string_to_int─┐
│         255 │        1e-45 │            49 │
└─────────────┴──────────────┴───────────────┘

CAST(x, T)

Converts an input value to the specified data type. Unlike the reinterpret function, CAST tries to present the same value using the new data type. If the conversion can not be done then an exception is raised. Several syntax variants are supported.

Syntax

CAST(x, T)
CAST(x AS t)
x::t

Arguments

• x — A value to convert. May be of any type.
• T — The name of the target data type. String.
• t — The target data type.

Returned value

• Converted value.

note

If the input value does not fit the bounds of the target type, the result overflows. For example, CAST(-1, 'UInt8') returns 255.

Examples

Query:

SELECT
    CAST(toInt8(-1), 'UInt8') AS cast_int_to_uint,
    CAST(1.5 AS Decimal(3,2)) AS cast_float_to_decimal,
    '1'::Int32 AS cast_string_to_int;

Result:

┌─cast_int_to_uint─┬─cast_float_to_decimal─┬─cast_string_to_int─┐
│              255 │                  1.50 │                  1 │
└──────────────────┴───────────────────────┴────────────────────┘

Query:

SELECT
    '2016-06-15 23:00:00' AS timestamp,
    CAST(timestamp AS DateTime) AS datetime,
    CAST(timestamp AS Date) AS date,
    CAST(timestamp, 'String') AS string,
    CAST(timestamp, 'FixedString(22)') AS fixed_string;

Result:

┌─timestamp───────────┬────────────datetime─┬───────date─┬─string──────────────┬─fixed_string──────────────┐
│ 2016-06-15 23:00:00 │ 2016-06-15 23:00:00 │ 2016-06-15 │ 2016-06-15 23:00:00 │ 2016-06-15 23:00:00\0\0\0 │
└─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────┴─────────────────────┴───────────────────────────┘

Conversion to FixedString(N) only works for arguments of type String or FixedString.

Type conversion to Nullable and back is supported.

Example

Query:

SELECT toTypeName(x) FROM t_null;

Result:

┌─toTypeName(x)─┐
│ Int8          │
│ Int8          │
└───────────────┘

Query:

SELECT toTypeName(CAST(x, 'Nullable(UInt16)')) FROM t_null;

Result:

┌─toTypeName(CAST(x, 'Nullable(UInt16)'))─┐
│ Nullable(UInt16)                        │
│ Nullable(UInt16)                        │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘

See also

• cast_keep_nullable setting

accurateCast(x, T)

Converts x to the T data type.

The difference from cast(x, T) is that accurateCast does not allow overflow of numeric types during cast if type value x does not fit the bounds of type T. For example, accurateCast(-1, 'UInt8') throws an exception.

Example

Query:

SELECT cast(-1, 'UInt8') as uint8;

Result:

┌─uint8─┐
│   255 │
└───────┘

Query:

SELECT accurateCast(-1, 'UInt8') as uint8;

Result:

Code: 70. DB::Exception: Received from localhost:9000. DB::Exception: Value in column Int8 cannot be safely converted into type UInt8: While processing accurateCast(-1, 'UInt8') AS uint8.

accurateCastOrNull(x, T)

Converts input value x to the specified data type T. Always returns Nullable type and returns NULL if the casted value is not representable in the target type.

Syntax

accurateCastOrNull(x, T)

Parameters

• x — Input value.
• T — The name of the returned data type.

Returned value

• The value, converted to the specified data type T.

Example

Query:

SELECT toTypeName(accurateCastOrNull(5, 'UInt8'));

Result:

┌─toTypeName(accurateCastOrNull(5, 'UInt8'))─┐
│ Nullable(UInt8)                            │
└────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Query:

SELECT
    accurateCastOrNull(-1, 'UInt8') as uint8,
    accurateCastOrNull(128, 'Int8') as int8,
    accurateCastOrNull('Test', 'FixedString(2)') as fixed_string;

Result:

┌─uint8─┬─int8─┬─fixed_string─┐
│  ᴺᵁᴸᴸ │ ᴺᵁᴸᴸ │ ᴺᵁᴸᴸ         │
└───────┴──────┴──────────────┘

accurateCastOrDefault(x, T[, default_value])

Converts input value x to the specified data type T. Returns default type value or default_value if specified if the casted value is not representable in the target type.

Syntax

accurateCastOrDefault(x, T)

Parameters

• x — Input value.
• T — The name of the returned data type.
• default_value — Default value of returned data type.

Returned value

• The value converted to the specified data type T.

Example

Query:

SELECT toTypeName(accurateCastOrDefault(5, 'UInt8'));

Result:

┌─toTypeName(accurateCastOrDefault(5, 'UInt8'))─┐
│ UInt8                                         │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Query:

SELECT
    accurateCastOrDefault(-1, 'UInt8') as uint8,
    accurateCastOrDefault(-1, 'UInt8', 5) as uint8_default,
    accurateCastOrDefault(128, 'Int8') as int8,
    accurateCastOrDefault(128, 'Int8', 5) as int8_default,
    accurateCastOrDefault('Test', 'FixedString(2)') as fixed_string,
    accurateCastOrDefault('Test', 'FixedString(2)', 'Te') as fixed_string_default;

Result:

┌─uint8─┬─uint8_default─┬─int8─┬─int8_default─┬─fixed_string─┬─fixed_string_default─┐
│     0 │             5 │    0 │            5 │              │ Te                   │
└───────┴───────────────┴──────┴──────────────┴──────────────┴──────────────────────┘

toInterval(Year|Quarter|Month|Week|Day|Hour|Minute|Second)

Converts a Number type argument to an Interval data type.

Syntax

toIntervalSecond(number)
toIntervalMinute(number)
toIntervalHour(number)
toIntervalDay(number)
toIntervalWeek(number)
toIntervalMonth(number)
toIntervalQuarter(number)
toIntervalYear(number)

Arguments

• number — Duration of interval. Positive integer number.

Returned values

• The value in Interval data type.

Example

Query:

WITH
    toDate('2019-01-01') AS date,
    INTERVAL 1 WEEK AS interval_week,
    toIntervalWeek(1) AS interval_to_week
SELECT
    date + interval_week,
    date + interval_to_week;

Result:

┌─plus(date, interval_week)─┬─plus(date, interval_to_week)─┐
│                2019-01-08 │                   2019-01-08 │
└───────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────┘

parseDateTimeBestEffort

parseDateTime32BestEffort

Converts a date and time in the String representation to DateTime data type.

The function parses ISO 8601, RFC 1123 - 5.2.14 RFC-822 Date and Time Specification, ClickHouse’s and some other date and time formats.

Syntax

parseDateTimeBestEffort(time_string [, time_zone])

Arguments

• time_string — String containing a date and time to convert. String.
• time_zone — Time zone. The function parses time_string according to the time zone. String.

Supported non-standard formats

• A string containing 9..10 digit unix timestamp.
• A string with a date and a time component: YYYYMMDDhhmmss, DD/MM/YYYY hh:mm:ss, DD-MM-YY hh:mm, YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss, etc.
• A string with a date, but no time component: YYYY, YYYYMM, YYYY*MM, DD/MM/YYYY, DD-MM-YY etc.
• A string with a day and time: DD, DD hh, DD hh:mm. In this case YYYY-MM are substituted as 2000-01.
• A string that includes the date and time along with time zone offset information: YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss ±h:mm, etc. For example, 2020-12-12 17:36:00 -5:00.

For all of the formats with separator the function parses months names expressed by their full name or by the first three letters of a month name. Examples: 24/DEC/18, 24-Dec-18, 01-September-2018.

Returned value

• time_string converted to the DateTime data type.

Examples

Query:

SELECT parseDateTimeBestEffort('12/12/2020 12:12:57')
AS parseDateTimeBestEffort;

Result:

┌─parseDateTimeBestEffort─┐
│     2020-12-12 12:12:57 │
└─────────────────────────┘

Query:

SELECT parseDateTimeBestEffort('Sat, 18 Aug 2018 07:22:16 GMT', 'Asia/Istanbul')
AS parseDateTimeBestEffort;

Result:

┌─parseDateTimeBestEffort─┐
│     2018-08-18 10:22:16 │
└─────────────────────────┘

Query:

SELECT parseDateTimeBestEffort('1284101485')
AS parseDateTimeBestEffort;

Result:

┌─parseDateTimeBestEffort─┐
│     2015-07-07 12:04:41 │
└─────────────────────────┘

Query:

SELECT parseDateTimeBestEffort('2018-12-12 10:12:12')
AS parseDateTimeBestEffort;

Result:

┌─parseDateTimeBestEffort─┐
│     2018-12-12 10:12:12 │
└─────────────────────────┘

Query:

SELECT parseDateTimeBestEffort('10 20:19');

Result:

┌─parseDateTimeBestEffort('10 20:19')─┐
│                 2000-01-10 20:19:00 │
└─────────────────────────────────────┘

See Also

• ISO 8601 announcement by @xkcd
• RFC 1123
• toDate
• toDateTime

parseDateTimeBestEffortUS

This function is similar to parseDateTimeBestEffort, the only difference is that this function prefers US date format (MM/DD/YYYY etc.) in case of ambiguity.

Syntax

parseDateTimeBestEffortUS(time_string [, time_zone])

Arguments

• time_string — String containing a date and time to convert. String.
• time_zone — Time zone. The function parses time_string according to the time zone. String.

Supported non-standard formats

• A string containing 9..10 digit unix timestamp.
• A string with a date and a time component: YYYYMMDDhhmmss, MM/DD/YYYY hh:mm:ss, MM-DD-YY hh:mm, YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss, etc.
• A string with a date, but no time component: YYYY, YYYYMM, YYYY*MM, MM/DD/YYYY, MM-DD-YY etc.
• A string with a day and time: DD, DD hh, DD hh:mm. In this case, YYYY-MM are substituted as 2000-01.
• A string that includes the date and time along with time zone offset information: YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss ±h:mm, etc. For example, 2020-12-12 17:36:00 -5:00.

Returned value

• time_string converted to the DateTime data type.

Examples

Query:

SELECT parseDateTimeBestEffortUS('09/12/2020 12:12:57')
AS parseDateTimeBestEffortUS;

Result:

┌─parseDateTimeBestEffortUS─┐
│     2020-09-12 12:12:57   │
└─────────────────────────——┘

Query:

SELECT parseDateTimeBestEffortUS('09-12-2020 12:12:57')
AS parseDateTimeBestEffortUS;

Result:

┌─parseDateTimeBestEffortUS─┐
│     2020-09-12 12:12:57   │
└─────────────────────────——┘

Query:

SELECT parseDateTimeBestEffortUS('09.12.2020 12:12:57')
AS parseDateTimeBestEffortUS;

Result:

┌─parseDateTimeBestEffortUS─┐
│     2020-09-12 12:12:57   │
└─────────────────────────——┘

parseDateTimeBestEffortOrNull

parseDateTime32BestEffortOrNull

Same as for parseDateTimeBestEffort except that it returns NULL when it encounters a date format that cannot be processed.

parseDateTimeBestEffortOrZero

parseDateTime32BestEffortOrZero

Same as for parseDateTimeBestEffort except that it returns zero date or zero date time when it encounters a date format that cannot be processed.

parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrNull

Same as parseDateTimeBestEffortUS function except that it returns NULL when it encounters a date format that cannot be processed.

Syntax

parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrNull(time_string[, time_zone])

Parameters

• time_string — String containing a date or date with time to convert. The date must be in the US date format (MM/DD/YYYY, etc). String.
• time_zone — Timezone. The function parses time_string according to the timezone. Optional. String.

Supported non-standard formats

• A string containing 9..10 digit unix timestamp.
• A string with a date and a time components: YYYYMMDDhhmmss, MM/DD/YYYY hh:mm:ss, MM-DD-YY hh:mm, YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss, etc.
• A string with a date, but no time component: YYYY, YYYYMM, YYYY*MM, MM/DD/YYYY, MM-DD-YY, etc.
• A string with a day and time: DD, DD hh, DD hh:mm. In this case, YYYY-MM are substituted with 2000-01.
• A string that includes date and time along with timezone offset information: YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss ±h:mm, etc. For example, 2020-12-12 17:36:00 -5:00.

Returned values

• time_string converted to the DateTime data type.
• NULL if the input string cannot be converted to the DateTime data type.

Examples

Query:

SELECT parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrNull('02/10/2021 21:12:57') AS parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrNull;

Result:

┌─parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrNull─┐
│             2021-02-10 21:12:57 │
└─────────────────────────────────┘

Query:

SELECT parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrNull('02-10-2021 21:12:57 GMT', 'Asia/Istanbul') AS parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrNull;

Result:

┌─parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrNull─┐
│             2021-02-11 00:12:57 │
└─────────────────────────────────┘

Query:

SELECT parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrNull('02.10.2021') AS parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrNull;

Result:

┌─parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrNull─┐
│             2021-02-10 00:00:00 │
└─────────────────────────────────┘

Query:

SELECT parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrNull('10.2021') AS parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrNull;

Result:

┌─parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrNull─┐
│                            ᴺᵁᴸᴸ │
└─────────────────────────────────┘

parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrZero

Same as parseDateTimeBestEffortUS function except that it returns zero date (1970-01-01) or zero date with time (1970-01-01 00:00:00) when it encounters a date format that cannot be processed.

Syntax

parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrZero(time_string[, time_zone])

Parameters

• time_string — String containing a date or date with time to convert. The date must be in the US date format (MM/DD/YYYY, etc). String.
• time_zone — Timezone. The function parses time_string according to the timezone. Optional. String.

Supported non-standard formats

• A string containing 9..10 digit unix timestamp.
• A string with a date and a time components: YYYYMMDDhhmmss, MM/DD/YYYY hh:mm:ss, MM-DD-YY hh:mm, YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss, etc.
• A string with a date, but no time component: YYYY, YYYYMM, YYYY*MM, MM/DD/YYYY, MM-DD-YY, etc.
• A string with a day and time: DD, DD hh, DD hh:mm. In this case, YYYY-MM are substituted with 2000-01.
• A string that includes date and time along with timezone offset information: YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss ±h:mm, etc. For example, 2020-12-12 17:36:00 -5:00.

Returned values

• time_string converted to the DateTime data type.
• Zero date or zero date with time if the input string cannot be converted to the DateTime data type.

Examples

Query:

SELECT parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrZero('02/10/2021 21:12:57') AS parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrZero;

Result:

┌─parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrZero─┐
│             2021-02-10 21:12:57 │
└─────────────────────────────────┘

Query:

SELECT parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrZero('02-10-2021 21:12:57 GMT', 'Asia/Istanbul') AS parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrZero;

Result:

┌─parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrZero─┐
│             2021-02-11 00:12:57 │
└─────────────────────────────────┘

Query:

SELECT parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrZero('02.10.2021') AS parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrZero;

Result:

┌─parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrZero─┐
│             2021-02-10 00:00:00 │
└─────────────────────────────────┘

Query:

SELECT parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrZero('02.2021') AS parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrZero;

Result:

┌─parseDateTimeBestEffortUSOrZero─┐
│             1970-01-01 00:00:00 │
└─────────────────────────────────┘

parseDateTime64BestEffort

Same as parseDateTimeBestEffort function but also parse milliseconds and microseconds and returns DateTime data type.

Syntax

parseDateTime64BestEffort(time_string [, precision [, time_zone]])

Parameters

• time_string — String containing a date or date with time to convert. String.
• precision — Required precision. 3 — for milliseconds, 6 — for microseconds. Default — 3. Optional. UInt8.
• time_zone — Timezone. The function parses time_string according to the timezone. Optional. String.

Returned value

• time_string converted to the DateTime data type.

Examples

Query:

SELECT parseDateTime64BestEffort('2021-01-01') AS a, toTypeName(a) AS t
UNION ALL
SELECT parseDateTime64BestEffort('2021-01-01 01:01:00.12346') AS a, toTypeName(a) AS t
UNION ALL
SELECT parseDateTime64BestEffort('2021-01-01 01:01:00.12346',6) AS a, toTypeName(a) AS t
UNION ALL
SELECT parseDateTime64BestEffort('2021-01-01 01:01:00.12346',3,'Asia/Istanbul') AS a, toTypeName(a) AS t
FORMAT PrettyCompactMonoBlock;

Result:

┌──────────────────────────a─┬─t──────────────────────────────┐
│ 2021-01-01 01:01:00.123000 │ DateTime64(3)                  │
│ 2021-01-01 00:00:00.000000 │ DateTime64(3)                  │
│ 2021-01-01 01:01:00.123460 │ DateTime64(6)                  │
│ 2020-12-31 22:01:00.123000 │ DateTime64(3, 'Asia/Istanbul') │
└────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────┘

parseDateTime64BestEffortOrNull

Same as for parseDateTime64BestEffort except that it returns NULL when it encounters a date format that cannot be processed.

parseDateTime64BestEffortOrZero

Same as for parseDateTime64BestEffort except that it returns zero date or zero date time when it encounters a date format that cannot be processed.

toLowCardinality

Converts input parameter to the LowCardianlity version of same data type.

To convert data from the LowCardinality data type use the CAST function. For example, CAST(x as String).

Syntax

toLowCardinality(expr)

Arguments

• expr — Expression resulting in one of the supported data types.

Returned values

• Result of expr.

Type: LowCardinality(expr_result_type)

Example

Query:

SELECT toLowCardinality('1');

Result:

┌─toLowCardinality('1')─┐
│ 1                     │
└───────────────────────┘

toUnixTimestamp64Milli

toUnixTimestamp64Micro

toUnixTimestamp64Nano

Converts a DateTime64 to a Int64 value with fixed sub-second precision. Input value is scaled up or down appropriately depending on it precision.

note

The output value is a timestamp in UTC, not in the timezone of DateTime64.

Syntax

toUnixTimestamp64Milli(value)

Arguments

• value — DateTime64 value with any precision.

Returned value

• value converted to the Int64 data type.

Examples

Query:

WITH toDateTime64('2019-09-16 19:20:12.345678910', 6) AS dt64
SELECT toUnixTimestamp64Milli(dt64);

Result:

┌─toUnixTimestamp64Milli(dt64)─┐
│                1568650812345 │
└──────────────────────────────┘

Query:

WITH toDateTime64('2019-09-16 19:20:12.345678910', 6) AS dt64
SELECT toUnixTimestamp64Nano(dt64);

Result:

┌─toUnixTimestamp64Nano(dt64)─┐
│         1568650812345678000 │
└─────────────────────────────┘

fromUnixTimestamp64Milli

fromUnixTimestamp64Micro

fromUnixTimestamp64Nano

Converts an Int64 to a DateTime64 value with fixed sub-second precision and optional timezone. Input value is scaled up or down appropriately depending on it’s precision. Please note that input value is treated as UTC timestamp, not timestamp at given (or implicit) timezone.

Syntax

fromUnixTimestamp64Milli(value [, ti])

Arguments

• value — Int64 value with any precision.
• timezone — String (optional) timezone name of the result.

Returned value

• value converted to the DateTime64 data type.

Example

Query:

WITH CAST(1234567891011, 'Int64') AS i64
SELECT fromUnixTimestamp64Milli(i64, 'UTC');

Result:

┌─fromUnixTimestamp64Milli(i64, 'UTC')─┐
│              2009-02-13 23:31:31.011 │
└──────────────────────────────────────┘

formatRow

Converts arbitrary expressions into a string via given format.

Syntax

formatRow(format, x, y, ...)

Arguments

• format — Text format. For example, CSV, TSV.
• x,y, ... — Expressions.

Returned value

• A formatted string (for text formats it's usually terminated with the new line character).

Example

Query:

SELECT formatRow('CSV', number, 'good')
FROM numbers(3);

Result:

┌─formatRow('CSV', number, 'good')─┐
│ 0,"good"
                         │
│ 1,"good"
                         │
│ 2,"good"
                         │
└──────────────────────────────────┘

formatRowNoNewline

Converts arbitrary expressions into a string via given format. The function trims the last \n if any.

Syntax

formatRowNoNewline(format, x, y, ...)

Arguments

• format — Text format. For example, CSV, TSV.
• x,y, ... — Expressions.

Returned value

• A formatted string.

Example

Query:

SELECT formatRowNoNewline('CSV', number, 'good')
FROM numbers(3);

Result:

┌─formatRowNoNewline('CSV', number, 'good')─┐
│ 0,"good"                                  │
│ 1,"good"                                  │
│ 2,"good"                                  │
└───────────────────────────────────────────┘

snowflakeToDateTime

Extracts time from Snowflake ID as DateTime format.

Syntax

snowflakeToDateTime(value [, time_zone])

Parameters

• value — Snowflake ID. Int64.
• time_zone — Timezone. The function parses time_string according to the timezone. Optional. String.

Returned value

• Input value converted to the DateTime data type.

Example

Query:

SELECT snowflakeToDateTime(CAST('1426860702823350272', 'Int64'), 'UTC');

Result:

┌─snowflakeToDateTime(CAST('1426860702823350272', 'Int64'), 'UTC')─┐
│                                              2021-08-15 10:57:56 │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

snowflakeToDateTime64

Extracts time from Snowflake ID as DateTime64 format.

Syntax

snowflakeToDateTime64(value [, time_zone])

Parameters

• value — Snowflake ID. Int64.
• time_zone — Timezone. The function parses time_string according to the timezone. Optional. String.

Returned value

• Input value converted to the DateTime64 data type.

Example

Query:

SELECT snowflakeToDateTime64(CAST('1426860802823350272', 'Int64'), 'UTC');

Result:

┌─snowflakeToDateTime64(CAST('1426860802823350272', 'Int64'), 'UTC')─┐
│                                            2021-08-15 10:58:19.841 │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

dateTimeToSnowflake

Converts DateTime value to the first Snowflake ID at the giving time.

Syntax

dateTimeToSnowflake(value)

Parameters

• value — Date and time. DateTime.

Returned value

• Input value converted to the Int64 data type as the first Snowflake ID at that time.

Example

Query:

WITH toDateTime('2021-08-15 18:57:56', 'Asia/Shanghai') AS dt SELECT dateTimeToSnowflake(dt);

Result:

┌─dateTimeToSnowflake(dt)─┐
│     1426860702823350272 │
└─────────────────────────┘

dateTime64ToSnowflake

Convert DateTime64 to the first Snowflake ID at the giving time.

Syntax

dateTime64ToSnowflake(value)

Parameters

• value — Date and time. DateTime64.

Returned value

• Input value converted to the Int64 data type as the first Snowflake ID at that time.

Example

Query:

WITH toDateTime64('2021-08-15 18:57:56.492', 3, 'Asia/Shanghai') AS dt64 SELECT dateTime64ToSnowflake(dt64);

Result:

┌─dateTime64ToSnowflake(dt64)─┐
│         1426860704886947840 │
└─────────────────────────────┘